软件工程专业毕业设计外文文献解析.docx

学校代码：10128生.本科毕业设计外文文献翻译英文题目：SoftwareDatabaseAnObject-OrientedPerspective.中文题目：软件数据库的面向对象的视角学生姓名：宋兰兰学院：信息工程学院系别：软件工程系W业加姓Tw二。一三年六月AHISTORICALPERSPECTIVEFromtheearliestdaysofcomputers,storingandmanipulatingdatahavebeenamajorapplicationfocus.Thefirstgeneral-purposeDBMSwasdesignedbyCharlesBachmanatGeneralElectricintheearly1960sandwascalledtheIntegratedDataStore.Itformedthebasisforthenetworkdatamodel,whichwasstandardizedbytheConferenceonDataSystemsLanguages(CODASYL)andstronglyinfluenceddatabasesystemsthroughthe1960s.BachmanwasthefirstrecipientofACM,sTuringAward(thecomputerscienceequivalentofaNobelprize)forworkinthedatabasearea;hereceivedtheawardin1973.Inthelate1960s,IBMdevelopedtheInformationManagementSystem(IMS)DBMS,usedeventodayinmanymajorinstallations.IMSformedthebasisforanalternativedatarepresentationframeworkcalledthehierarchicaldatamodel.TheSABREsystemformakingairlinereservationswasjointlydevelopedbyAmericanAirlinesandIBMaroundthesametime,anditallowedseveralpeopletoaccessthesamedatathroughcomputernetwork.Interestingly,todaythesameSABREsystemisusedtopowerpopularWeb-basedtravelservicessuchasTravelocity!In1970,EdgarCodd,atlBM,sSanJoseResearchLaboratory,proposedanewdatarepresentationframeworkcalledtherelationaldatamodel.Thisprovedtobeawatershedinthedevelopmentofdatabasesystems:itsparkedrapiddevelopmentofseveralDBMSsbasedontherelationalmodel,alongwitharichbodyoftheoreticalresultsthatplacedthefieldonafirmfoundation.Coddwonthe1981TuringAwardforhisseminalwork.Databasesystemsmaturedasanacademicdiscipline,andthepopularityofrelationalDBMSschangedthecommerciallandscape.Theirbenefitswerewidelyrecognized,andtheuseofDBMSsformanagingcorporatedatabecamestandardpractice.Inthe1980s,therelationalmodelconsolidateditspositionasthedominantDBMSparadigm,anddatabasesystemscontinuedtogainwidespreaduse.TheSQLquerylanguageforrelationaldatabases,developedaspartofIBM,sSystemRproject,isnowthestandardquerylanguage.SQLwasstandardizedinthelate1980s,andthecurrentstandard,SQL-92,wasadoptedbytheAmericanNationalStandardsInstitute(ANSI)andInternationalStandardsOrganization(ISO).Arguably,themostwidelyusedfbnofconcurrentprogrammingistheconcurrentexecutionofdatabaseprograms(calledtransactions).Userswriteprogramsasiftheyaretoberunbythemselves,andtheresponsibilityforrunningthemconcurrentlyisgiventotheDBMS.JamesGraywonthe1999TuringawardforhiscontributionstothefieldoftransactionmanagementinaDBMS.Inthelate1980sandthe1990s,advanceshavebeenmadeinmanyareasofdatabasesystems.Considerableresearchhasbeencarriedoutintomorepowerfulquerylanguagesandricherdatamodels,andtherehasbeenabigemphasisonsupportingcomplexanalysisofdatafromallpartsofanenterprise.Severalvendors(e.g.,IBM,sDB2,Oracle8,InformixUDS)haveextendedtheirsystemswiththeabilitytostorenewdatatypessuchasimagesandtext,andwiththeabilitytoaskmorecomplexqueries.Specializedsystemshavebeendevelopedbynumerousvendorsforcreatingdatawarehouses,consolidatingdatafromseveraldatabases,andforcarryingoutspecializedanalysis.Aninterestingphenomenonistheemergenceofseveralenterpriseresourceplanning(ERP)andmanagementresourceplanning(MRP)packages,whichaddasubstantiallayerofapplication-orientedfeaturesontopofaDBMS.WidelyusedpackagesincludesystemsfromBaan,Oracle,PeopleSoft,SAP,andSiebel.Thesepackagesidentifyasetofcommontasks(e.g.,inventorymanagement,humanresourcesplanning,financialanalysis)encounteredbyalargenumberoforganizationsandprovideageneralapplicationlayertocarryoutthesetasks.ThedataisstoredinarelationalDBMS,andtheapplicationlayercanbecustomizedtodifferentcompanies,leadingtolowerIntroductiontoDatabaseSystemsoverallcostsforthecompanies,comparedtothecostofbuildingtheapplicationlayerfromscratch.Mostsignificantly,perhaps,DBMSshaveenteredtheInternetAge.WhilethefirstgenerationofWebsitesstoredtheirdataexclusivelyinoperatingsystemsfiles,theuseofaDBMStostoredatathatisaccessedthroughaWebbrowserisbecomingwidespread.QueriesaregeneratedthroughWeb-accessiblefbsandanswersareformattedusingamarkuplanguagesuchasHTML,inordertobeeasilydisplayedinabrowser.AllthedatabasevendorsareaddingfeaturestotheirDBMSaimedatmakingitmoresuitablefordeploymentovertheInternet.Databasemanagementcontinuestogainimportanceasmoreandmoredataisbroughton-line,andmadeevermoreaccessiblethroughcomputernetworking.Todaythefieldisbeingdrivenbyexcitingvisionssuchasmultimediadatabases,interactivevideo,digitallibraries,ahostofscientificprojectssuchasthehumangenomemappingeffortandNASA,sEarthObservationSystemproject,andthedesireofcompaniestoconsolidatetheirdecision-makingprocessesandminetheirdatarepositoriesforusefulinformationabouttheirbusinesses.Commercially,databasemanagementsystemsrepresentoneofthelargestandmostvigorousmarketsegments.Thusthes-tudyofdatabasesystemscouldprovetoberichlyrewardinginmorewaysthanone!INTRODUCTIONTOPHYSICALDATABASEDESIGN1.ikeallotheraspectsofdatabasedesign,physicaldesignmustbeguidedbythenatureofthedataanditsintendeduse.Inparticular,itisimportanttounderstandthetypicalworkloadthatthedatabasemustsupport