油轮安全SAFETYonOILTANKER.docx

Dangercanalwaysbepresentinatanker.Mostoftheriskisremovedbythedesigner.Whatriskremainscanonlybeavoidedbytakingcare.Thiscaremustbetakenbyeverybodyaboardtheship.You.Tobeabletoavoidrisksyoumustknowwhattheyare.Thisbookletwarnsyouoftherisks.Itexplainshowtheycanarise.Itinstructshowtheycanbeavoided.Byyou.TermsareexplainedasWegoalong.Ifyoualreadyunderstandtheterms,pleasebepatient-yourshipmatemaynot.SAFETYIIMOILTANKERSPublished in 1973 and revised in 1978 byTHE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF SHIPPINGInthisbookletpetroleummeanscrudeoilorproductsmadefromit.Petroleumcanbehandledsafely.Careisabsolutelynecessarythroughoutthewholeoperation.Tobeabletoexercisecareyouneedtoknowsomethingaboutpetroleum.Thecharacteristicsofanysubstancewhichdeterminehowitwillbehaveundervariousconditionsareknownasthepropertiesofthesubstance.Weshalldealwithsomeofthepropertiesofpetroleum.EvaporationAllliquidscanchange-orbechangedintovapour.Theprocessofchangingintovapouriscalledevaporation.ItisusualtorefertosuchVapourvapoursasgases.Petroleumformspetroleumvapour.BurningLiquidpetroleumdoesnotburn.Itispetroleumvapourthatburns.Dangerincreasesaccordingtohowreadilyaproductevaporates.Thelowerthetemperatureatwhichapetroleumcanevaporate,themoredangerousitis.Mixtures,"Apetroleumvapourcanonlyburnifitismixedwithoxygen.Oxygenisanimportantpartoftheairaroundus.WhenwerefertoamixtureinthisbookletWenormallymeanamixtureofpetroleumvapourandair.FlammableYouwillrecognisethewordflameinflammable.Flammablemeanscapableofbeingsetonfire.AmixturewhichcanbesetonfireisaVflammablemixture.Flammable1.imitsItispossibletohaveamixturecontainingsolittleorsomuchpetroleumvapourthatitcannotburn.Mixturesthathavereachedthesestrengthshavereachedtheflammablelimits.J.FlammableRangeBetweentheseflammablelimitsthereliesaquitenarrowrangeofmixtureswhichareflammable.Thisisknownastheflammablerange.Flammablelimitsandflammablerangearesometimesreferredtoastheexplosivelimitsandexplosiverange.Mostsubstanceswhenheatedexpand.Evaporationcausesrapidexpansion.Burningofthevapourcausesheatingandevengreaterexpansion.Iftheexpansionisconfinedpressuremayincreasestillfurther.EXPLOSION,FlashpointThelowesttemperatureatwhichaliquidgivesoffenoughvapourtoformaflammablemixtureiscalleditsflashpoint.Someproductsevaporateveryrapidly.Theyproduceplentyofgasatnormalpressuresandtemperatures.Gasolineisanobviousexample.Vapourisnearlyalwayspresent.Ahotenoughsparkwillsetitonfire.Awordweshalluseinsteadofsetonfireisignite.Volatile1.iquidswhichevaporatereadilyareknownasvolatileliquids.Anypetroleumwithaflashpointbelow60°C(140°F)isclassedasvolatile.Spentrefinerywaste-spentcausticsodaforexample-maycontainvolatilepetroleum.Non-volatileSomeotherpetroleumevaporateslessrapidly.ThosewithaflashpointOf60C(1400F)oroverareclassedasnon-volatile.Gasoilanddieseloilaretwoexamples.PetroleummistPetroleumsprayedfromaleakingpumporpipemayformamistofdroplets.SmokingSmoking in bedLightersMatchesTorchesDomestic equipmentFlammablemixturesmaybewhereyouleastexpectthem.Theyareeasilyignited.Sparkscansetthemoff.Smokingcanbeverydangerous.Secretsmokingismoredangerousthancontrolledsmoking.Theremaybeflammablegasinatoilet(forinstance).Gasmayhavebeendrawnintotheventilationsystem.Acraftysmokecouldbedisastrous.Smokinginbedisfoolishanywhere.Itisdangerousinanyship.Itcanbedisastrousinatanker.Ifacigarettelighterfallsitmayoperate.Nonsafetymatchesareamenace.Evensafetymatchesmalightaccidently.Ordinaryhandtorches(flashlights)spark.Domesticequipmentwhichcanigniteflammablevapoursinclude- shavers radios electriccookingappliancesIfacigarettelighterfalls,itmayoperate.pagefourObeyALLinstructionsaboutsmoking.Thecaptainwillsaywheresmokingisallowed.ONLYSMOKEWHERESMOKINGISALLOWED.Insomeportsthelocalauthoritiesprohibitsmokinganywhereintheship.Thereareheavypenaltiesforbreachesoftheseregulations.NEVERSMOKEINBEDIfyouareallowedacigarettelighteronboard keepitinyourcabinKeepo-safetymatchesawayfromtankers.Keepallmatchesawayfromareaswhereyouarenotallowedtosmoke.Useonlyspecialtorches(flashlights)issuedonboard.Keepyourelectricshaverandradioinyourcabin.Ifthereisanypossibilityofflammablevapourenteringgalleysoraccommodation donotuseelectricalappliancesNeversmokeinbed!Metal tools could cause sparks by being dropped.AluminiumIfaluminiumoroneofitsalloysisknockedagainstrusttheremaybeaflashofheat.Theheatcanbeenoughtoigniteaflammablemixture.AluminiumAluminiumpaintoverrustmaybejustasdangerous.paintIfthatisstruckorrubbedthesameheatmaybegenerated.RubbishDirtywaste,rags,sawdustandotherrubbishisdangerousifleftlyingabout.Heatmaybegeneratedwithinbundlesofrubbish.Theheatmaybeenoughtoigniteflammablemixtures.Itmaybecomehotenoughtosetitselfonfire.Theriskisincreasedifmaterialisleftnearsteampipes.CathodicSomeshipstanksarefittedwithcathodicprotection.Thisisamethodprotectionofcont