2024剑桥雅思讲义Summary_Completion_Practice_Questions_2_.docx

j Ei B/ IELTS ADVANTAGESummaryCompletionPracticeQuestionsCompletethesummarybelow.WriteNOMORETHAN2WORDSforeachanswer.TheWrongSideoftheTracksRecentresearchhasshownthatunderprivilegedpeopletendtoliveontheeastsidesofplacesdueto1.BecausewhenviewedfromtheNorthPole,theearthrotatesinacounterclockwisefashion,windsinbothhemispheresareusuallyblowingtowards2.Aresultofthisisthatpeoplelivingwherethesewindsandpollutionareblowingarethosewith3.This4.dynamicisseennotjustinAmericancitiesbutinthoseallaroundtheworld.Infact,British5.historianshavemodeledindustrial-agesmokestackdispersionandcometothesameconclusion:munitiestowardstheeast.WhenoneconsidersthatmostAmericaneastsidecommunitieswereformedwhensegregationwas7.,it'seasytounderstandhowmembersofthesecommunitieshavealsobeendeniedloansandfinancialhelp,forcingsuchpeopleintoaterribledownward8.ofpoverty.Asthissituationhaslargelybeencausedbybad9.,itwillbenecessarytofixthesituationthrougha10.toconsidercityplanningthatwillbebeneficialtoall.IELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionPracticeQuestionsAnswerKey:1. (the)wind2. theeast3. lesspower4. campfire5. economic6. marginalized7. legal8. spiral9. design10. commitmentLinktovideotutorial:https:STranSCriPtSOUrCe:https:WWWIcametotalkaboutfirstprinciplesandcommunitiesthatIlove-especiallyEastPaloAlto,California,whichisfullofamazingpeople.It'salsoacommunitythat'soddlyseparatedbythe101freewaythatrunsthroughSiliconValley.OnthewestsideofthefreewayinPaloAltoarethe"haves,"onjustaboutanydimensionyoucanthinkof:education,income,accesstowater.Ontheeastsideofthefreewayarethe"have-nots.*'Andevenifyoudon'tknowEastPaloAlto,youmightknowthestoryofeastsidedisparity,whetherit'stheseparationoftherailroadtracksinEastPittsburghortheGrossePointeGateinEastDetroitorEastSt.Louis,EastOakland,EastPhilly.Whyisitthatcommunitiesonthesocial,economicandenvironmentalmargintendtobeontheeastsidesofplaces?Turnsout,it'sthewind.IfyoulookattheEarthfromtheNorthPole,you'dseethatitrotatescounterclockwise.TheimpactofthisisthatthewindsinthenorthernandthesouthernhemispheresblowinthesamedirectionastherotationoftheEarth-totheeast.Awaytothinkaboutthisis:imagineyou,resittingaroundacampfire.You,vegottoseat10people,you'vegottokeepeveryonewarm.Thequestionis:Whositswiththesmokywindblowingintheirface?Andtheansweris:peoplewithlesspower.Thiscampfiredynamiciswhat'splayingoutincities,notjustintheUS,butallaroundtheworld:EastLondon;theeastsideofParisisthisway;EastJerusalem.Evendownthestreetfromwherewe,resittingrightnow,themarginalizedcommunityisEastVancouver.mnottheonlyonetonoticethis.Inerdedonthishard,foryears.AndIfinallyfoundagroupofeconomichistoriansintheUKwhomodeledindustrial-erasmokestackdispersion.Andtheycametothesameconclusionmathematicallythatdcometoasananthropologist,whichis:windandpollutionaredrivingmarginalizedcommunitiestotheeast.Thedominantlogicoftheindustrialeraisaboutdisparity.It'sabouthavesandhave-nots,andthat'sbecomepartIELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionPracticeQuestionsofourculture.ThaVswhyyouknowexactlywhatmtalkingaboutifItellyousomeone,sfromthe"wrongsideofthetracks."Thatphrasecomesfromthedirectionthatwindwouldblowdirtytrainsmoke-totheeast,usually.mnotsayingeverysinglecommunityintheeastisonthemargin,oreverycommunityonthemarginisintheeast,butmtryingtomakeabiggerpointaboutdisparitybydesign.So,ifyoufindyourselftalkingaboutanycardinaldirectionofafreeway,ariver,sometraintracks,you'retalkingaboutaneastsidecommunity.Now,thewindisobviouslyanaturalphenomenon.Butthehumandesigndecisionsthatwemaketoseparateourselvesisnotnatural.ConsiderthefactthateveryeastsidecommunityintheUnitedStateswasbuiltduringtheeraoflegalsegregation.Weclearlyweren'teventryingtodesignforthebenefitofeveryone,soweendedupdealingwithissueslikeredlining.Thisiswherethegovernmentliterallycreatedmapstotellbankerswheretheyshouldn,tlend.Thesearesomeofthoseactualmaps.Andyou'llnoticehowtheredtendstobeclusteredontheeastsidesofthesecities.Thosefinancialdesigndecisionsbecameaself-fulfillingprophecy:noloansturnedintolowpropertytaxbaseandthatbledintoworseschoolsandalesswell-preparedworkforce,and-Ioandbehold-lowerincomes.Itmeansthatyoucan'tqualifyforaloan.Justaviciousdownwardspiral.Andthat'sjustthecasewithlending.We,vemadesimilarlysinisterdesigndecisionsonanynumberofissues,fromwaterinfrastructuretowherewedecidetoplacegrocerystoresversusliquorstores,orevenforwhomandhowwedesignandfundtechnologyproducts.Collectively,thislistofharmsistheartifactofourmoreprimitiveselves.Idon'tthinkthisishowwe'dwanttoberemembered,butthisisbasicallywhatwe'vebeendoingtoeastsidecommunitiesforthelastcentury.Thegoodnewsis,itdoesn'thavetobethisway.Wegotourselvesintothiseastsidedilemmathroughbaddesign,andsowecangetoutofitwithgooddesign.AndIbelievethefirstprincipleofgooddesignisactuallyreallysimple:wehavetostartwiththecommitmenttodesignforthebenefitofever