2024剑桥雅思讲义IELTS_Advantage_Punctuation_Guide.docx

IELTSADVANTAGEContentsACommaS-SUmmaBCommas-indetail:examplesandexceptions1. ImrodUCtOrVPhraSeS2. NoneSSentialelements3. IndePendentClalISeS4. SUbordinateClaUSeS5. LiStSOfWOrdS6. DateS7. PIaCeSCCommaS-someCommonerrorsDOtherPUnCtUation1. CamtalIettefS2. APoStroPheS3. HVDhenS4. QlleStionmarksandexclamationmarks5. BraCketSIELTSADVANTAGEA:Commas-summaryBaCktoContentS1. IntroductoryphrasesAnycohesivedevice(discoursemarker)ofanylengththatoccursatthestartofasentenceshouldbefollowedbyacomma:Furthermore,countriessuchasJapanandKoreahavebeenexperiencingeconomichardshipinrecenttimes.Otherintroductoryphrasesthatconsistofatleastthreewordsshouldbefollowedbyacomma(Inmanycountries,Accordingtosomeexperts,etc.).Thecommaaftertwo-wordintroductoryphrasesorsinglewordsisoptional(Nowadays,Thesedays,etc.).2. NonessentialelementsNonessentialphrases(includingcohesivedevices)ofanylengththatcomeinthemiddleofasentenceshouldbesurroundedbycommas:Theviewofmanypeople,includingthemajorityoftheinhabitantsofIndia,isthatvegetarianismisaboontohealth.Butifthephraseisessentialtothesentence(i.e.removingitwouldchangethemeaningofthesentenceorproducenonsense),commasshouldnotbeusedaroundit:Peopleinmanycountriesarevegetarians.NOCOMMASIfthere,sanydoubtaboutwhetheraphraseisessentialornonessential,theneitherwithorwithoutcommasisacceptable(seebelowforexamples).3. IndependentclausesWhenand,but,or,nor,so,yetcomebeforeindependentclauses,theyshouldbeprecededbyacomma.Whentheydonotprecedeanindependentclause,nocommaisused:ExactlyonequarterofthepopulationinEnglandhaveinsurance,andhealthinsurancemakesupjustunder8%ofthetotal.4. SubordinateclausesWhenasubordinatingconjunction(if,while,whereas,although,when,sothat,asaresultof,becauseetc.)isusedatthestartofasentence,acommashouldbeusedafterthefirstclause:Ifnewspaperswerenotallowedtopublishstoriesaboutpoliticians,privatelives,peoplewouldloseinterestinpolitics.Butacommashouldnotbeusedbeforeasubordinatingconjunctionwhenitcomesinthemiddleofasentenceunlessacontrastisbeingshown,i.e.withwhile,whereas,althoughetc.(andinsomeotherspecialcircumstances-seebelow):国IELTSAdvantagePunctuationGuideIELTSADVANTAGEPeoplewouldloseinterestinpoliticsifnewspaperswerenotallowedtopublishstoriesaboutpoliticians'privatelives.NOCOMMASomebelievethatallself-employedprofessionalsshouldpayVAT,whileotherssaythattheyshouldonlypaysocialsecurity.CONTRAST,THEREFORECOMMA5. ListsofwordsCommasareusedinlistsofmodifiers,nounsandlongerphrasesandclauses,andtheuseinsuchlistsbeforeandisoptional:Music,artanddramaaretremendouslyusefulsubjects.OR:Music,art,anddramaaretremendouslyusefulsubjects.6. Dates6thJuly,2020iswhentheweddingwilltakeplace.BUT:July2020iswhentheweddingwilltakeplace.7. PlacesThenumberofsportscentresinTokyo,Japanhasbeengoingupinrecentyears.IELTSADVANTAGEB:Commas-indetail:examplesandexceptionsBaCktoComemS1. IntroductoryphrasesCohesivedevicesThereshouldalwaysbecommasaftercommoncohesivedevices/discoursemarkerswhentheyareatthestartofasentence:Inotherwords,However,Ontheotherhand,Moreover,Inaddition,Therefore,Thatistosay,Forexample,Inconclusion,Asregardsthedisadvantages,Overall,Ingeneral,etc.OtherintroductoryphrasesOtherintroductoryphrases(adverbs,adverbialphrases,prepositionalphrasesetc.)usedatthestartofasentencebeforethemainsentencebeginsthatareatleastthreewordslongshouldbefollowedbyacomma:Inmanycountriessecond-handclothingisbecomingincreasinglypopular.INCORRECTInmanycountries,second-handclothingisbecomingincreasinglypopular.CORRECTOtherexamplesofintroductoryphrasesrequiringacomma:Inmyopinion,Accordingtomanyexperts,Inthemajorityofcases,Atthestartoftheperiod,etc.国IELTSAdvantagePunctuationGuideIELTSADVANTAGEACommasareoptionalaftertwo-wordintroductoryphrasesorsinglewords(exceptforcohesivedevicesofanylength,whichmustalwaysbefollowedbyacomma):Everyyear,moreandmorepeopleareturningtovegetarianism.CORRECTEveryyearmoreandmorepeopleareturningtovegetarianism.CORRECTOtherexamplesofintroductoryphraseswhereacommaisoptional:Thesedays,orThesedaysNowadays,orNowadaysToday,orTodayInIndia,orInIndiaetc.2. NonessentialelementsBaCktoComerltSNonessentialelements(includingsinglewordsortwo-wordphrases)thatcomeinthemiddleofasentenceshouldbesurroundedbycommas.Anonessentialelementisonethatcouldberemovedwithoutchangingthemeaningofthesentence.Ifthewordorphraseisobviouslynonessential,orifitisplacedsoastojarringlyinterruptthenormalflowofasentence,thencommasshouldbeplacedaroundit:TheviewofmanypeopleincludingthemajorityoftheinhabitantsofIndiaisthatvegetarianismisaboontohealth.INCORRECTTheviewofmanypeople,includingthemajorityoftheinhabitantsofIndia,isthatvegetarianismisaboontohealth.CORRECTItisoftenclaimedthatpovertyisinmostcountriesdecreasing.INCORRECTItisoftenclaimedthatpovertyis,inmostcountries,decreasing.CORRECTNeilArmstrongthefirstmanonthemoonlearnedtoplaytheoboeinprimaryschool.INCOR