我们共同的未来-联合国报告.docx

UNDocumentsGatheringaBodyofGlobalAgreementsHomeISustainableDevelopmentEducationWaterCultureOfPeaceHumanRightsKeywordsSearchOurCommonFuture,FromOneEarthtoOneWorldFromA/42/427.OurCommonFuture:ReportoftheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentAnOverviewbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopmentTheGlobalChallengeSuccessesandfailuresTheInterlockingCrisesSustainableDevelopmentTheInstitutionalGapsThePolicyDirectionsPopulationandHumanResources2 .FoodSecurity:SustainingthePotential3 .SpeciesandEsystems:ResourcesforDevelopment4 .Energy:ChoicesforEnvironmentandDevelopment5 .Industry:ProducingMorewithLess6.TheUrbanChallengeIII.InternationalCperationandInstitutionalReform1.TheRoleoftheInternationalEnomy2 .ManagingtheCommons3 Peace,Security,Development,andtheEnvironment4 .InstitutionalandLegalChange4.1 GettingattheSources4.2 DealingwiththeEffects4.3 AssessingGlobalRisks4.4 .4MakingInformedChoices4.5 ProvidingtheLegalMeans4.6 InvestinginourFutureIV.ACallforAction1. Inthemiddleofthe20thcentury,wesawourplanetfromspaceforthefirsttime.HistoriansmayeventuallyfindthatthisvisionhadagreaterimpactonthoughtthandidtheCopernicanrevolutionofthe16thcentury,whichupsetthehumanself-imagebyrevealingthattheEarthisnotthecentreoftheuniverse.Fromspace,weseeasmallandfragileballdominatednotbyhumanactivityandedificebutbyapatternofclouds,oceans,greenery,andsoils.Humanity'sinabilitytofititsactivitiesintothatpatternischangingplanetarysystems,fundamentally.Manysuchchangesareaccompaniedbylife-threateninghazards.Thisnewreality,fromwhichthereisnoescape,mustberecognized-andmanaged.2. Fortunately,thisnewrealitycoincideswithmorepositivedevelopmentsnewtothiscentury.Wecanmoveinformationandgoodsfasteraroundtheglobethaneverbefore;wecanproducemorefoodandmoregoodswithlessinvestmentofresources;ourtechnologyandsciencegivesusatleast,thepotentialtolookdeeperintoandbetterunderstandnaturalsystems.Fromspace,WecanseeandstudytheEarthasanorganismwhosehealthdependsonthehealthofalitsparts.Wehavethepowertoreconcilehumanaffairswithnaturallawsandtothriveintheprocess.Inthisourculturalandspiritualheritagescanreinforceoureconomicinterestsandsurvivalimperatives.3. ThisCommissionbelievesthatpeoplecanbuildafuturethatismoreprosperous,morejust,andmoresecure.Ourreport,OurCommonFuture,isnotapredictionofeverincreasingenvironmentaldecay,poverty,andhardshipinanevermorepollutedworldamongeverdecreasingresources.Weseeinsteadthepossibilityforaneweraofeconomicgrowth,onethatmustbebasedonpoliciesthatsustainandexpandtheenvironmentalresourcebase.Andwebelievesuchgrowthtobeabsolutelyessentialtorelievethegreatpovertythatisdeepeninginmuchofthedevelopingworld.4. ButtheCommission'shopeforthefutureisconditionalondecisivepoliticalactionnowtobeginmanagingenvironmentalresourcestoensurebothsustainablehumanprogressandhumansurvival.Wearenotforecastingafuture;Weareservinganotice-anurgentnoticebasedonthelatestandbestscientificevidence-thatthetimehascometotakethedecisionsneededtosecuretheresourcestosustainthisandcominggenerations.Wedonotofferadetailedblueprintforaction,butinsteadapathwaybywhichthepeoplesoftheworldmayenlargetheirspheresofcooperation.I.TheGlobalChallenge1. Successesandfailures5. Thoselookingforsuccessandsignsofhopecanfindmany:infantmortalityisfalling;humanlifeexpectancyisincreasing;theproportionoftheworld'sadultswhocanreadandwriteisclimbing;theproportionofchildrenstartingschoolisrising;andglobalfoodproductionincreasesfasterthanthepopulationgrows.6. Butthesameprocessesthathaveproducedthesegainshavegivenrisetotrendsthattheplanetanditspeoplecannotlongbear.Thesehavetraditionallybeendividedintofailuresof'development*andfailuresinthemanagementofourhumanendronment.Onthedevelopmentside,intermsofabsolutenumberstherearemorehungrypeopleintheworldthaneverbefore,andtheirnumbersareincreasing.Soarethenumberswhocannotreadorwrite,thenumberswithoutsafewaterorsafeandsoundhomes,andthenumbersshortofwoodfuelwithwhichtocookandwarmthemselves.Thegapbetweenrichandpoornationsiswidening-notshrinking-andthereislittleprospect,givenpresenttrendsandinstitutionalarrangements,thatthisprocesswillbereversed.7. Therearealsoenvironmentaltrendsthatthreatentoradicallyaltertheplanet,thatthreatenthelivesofmanyspeciesuponit.includingthehumanspecies.Eachyearanother6millionhectaresofproductivedrylandturnsintoworthlessdesert.Overthreedecades,thiswouldamounttoanarearoughlyaslargeasSaudiArabia.Morethan11millionhectaresofforestsaredestroyedyearly,andthis,overthreedecades,wouldequalanareaaboutthesizeofIndia.Muchofthisforestisconvertedtolow-gradefarmlandunabletosupportthefarmerswhosettleit.InEurope,acidprecipitationkillsforestsandlakesanddamagestheartisticandarchitecturalheritageofnations;itmayhaveacidifiedvasttractsofsoilbeyondreasonablehopeofrepair.Theburningoffossilfuelsputsintotheatmospherecarbondioxide,whichiscausinggradualglobalwarming.This'greenhouseeffect*maybyearlynextcenturyhaveincreasedaverageglobaltemperaturesenoughtoshift