物理化学专业术语.pptx

物理化学术语物理化学术语 Physical Chemical TermsPhysical Chemical Terms第十课第十课1.changes of state1.changes of stateSolid liquid gasSolid gasfusioncrystallizationvaporizationcondensation sublimationdeposition liquefactionmelting2.Fluidity of a substance2.Fluidity of a substanceViscosity:Viscosity: The resistance of a The resistance of a substance to flowsubstance to flowSurface tension:Surface tension: the amount of energy the amount of energy required to expand the surface required to expand the surface of a liquid by a unit area. of a liquid by a unit area. Imparts membrane-like behavior Imparts membrane-like behavior to the surface.to the surface.3. Solid3. SolidAmorphous solid:Amorphous solid: a substance in which a substance in which the atoms, molecules, or the atoms, molecules, or ions have a random and ions have a random and nonrepetitive three-nonrepetitive three-dimensional arrangement.dimensional arrangement.Crystalline solid:Crystalline solid: a substance in which a substance in which the atoms, molecules, or the atoms, molecules, or ions have a characteristic ions have a characteristic regular, and repetitive regular, and repetitive three-dimensional three-dimensional arrangement.arrangement.3.1 Crystal3.1 CrystalCrystal:Crystal: a solid that has a shape bounded a solid that has a shape bounded by plane surfaces intersecting at by plane surfaces intersecting at fixed anglesfixed anglesSpace lattice:Space lattice: a system of points a system of points representing sites with identical representing sites with identical environments in the same orientation environments in the same orientation in the crystalin the crystalUnit cell:Unit cell: the most convenient small part the most convenient small part of a space lattice, if repeated in of a space lattice, if repeated in three dimension, will generate the three dimension, will generate the entire lattice.entire lattice.3.1.1 Unit cell:3.1.1 Unit cell:Primitive unit cell:Primitive unit cell: a unit cell in a unit cell in which only the corners are which only the corners are occupiedoccupiedMultiple unit cell:Multiple unit cell: contain other contain other lattice points in addition lattice points in addition to those at the cornersto those at the cornersTheoretical density:Theoretical density: the mass of the the mass of the unit cell divided by the unit cell divided by the volume of the unit cellvolume of the unit cellPolymorphous:Polymorphous: able to crystallize in able to crystallize in more than one crystal more than one crystal structurestructureIsomorphous:Isomorphous: have the same crystal have the same crystal structurestructure4. Solution4. SolutionSaturated solution:Saturated solution: the concentration of the concentration of dissolved solute is equal to that dissolved solute is equal to that which would be in equilibrium with which would be in equilibrium with undissolved solute under the given undissolved solute under the given conditions.conditions.Solubility:Solubility: the concentration of a saturated the concentration of a saturated solution.solution.unsaturated solution:unsaturated solution: can dissolve more solute. can dissolve more solute.Supersaturated solution:Supersaturated solution: holds more solute holds more solute than would be in equilibrium with than would be in equilibrium with undissolved solute undissolved solute 4.1 miscibility4.1 miscibilityMiscibility:Miscibility: the mutual solubility of the mutual solubility of two substances in the same phase.two substances in the same phase.Like dissolves like:Like dissolves like: Substances that Substances that are similar in structure, are similar in structure, bonding, and especially in bonding, and especially in intermolecular forces tend to be intermolecular forces tend to be highly or even infinitely highly or even infinitely miscible.miscible.Immisicible: Immisicible: 4.2 4.2 Ideal solutionIdeal solution Ideal solution of a molecular:Ideal solution of a molecular: the forces the forces between all particle of both between all particle of both solvent and solute are identical.solvent and solute are identical.Ideal solution of an ionic solute:Ideal solution of an ionic solute: the ions in the ions in solution are independent of each solution are independent of each other and attracted only to solvent other and attracted only to solvent molecules.molecules.Henrys law:Henrys law: At constant temperature, the At constant temperature, the partial pressure of a gas over a partial pressure of a gas over a solution is directly proportional solution is directly proportional to the solubility of the gas in to the solubility of the gas in that solutionthat solution4.3 4.3 standard solutionstandard solutionstandard solution:standard solution: a solution of known a solution of known concentrationconcentrationConcentration of solution:Concentration of solution: 1.1. mass (weight) percent= mass (weight) percent= (mass of solute / (mass of solute / mass of solution) mass of solution) 100%100% 2. 2.