生物化学之绪论(一).ppt
生生 物物 化化 学学 BIOCHEMISTRY “Biochemistry has become the lingua franca of the life science and greatly illuminates subsequent study in any area of biology, and not only biology. An early course in biochemistry for students of chemistry or physics provides challenging glimpses of how living organisms solve some of the most fundamental chemical and physical problems” Albert.L.Lehninger in (1982)生物的多样性及共同性生物的多样性及共同性What are these distinguishing features of living organisms? A high degree of chemical complexity and microscopic organization. Thousands of different molecules make up a cells intricate internal structures. Each has its characteristic sequence of subunits, its unique three-dimensional structure, and its highly specific selection of binding partners in the cell. Systems for extracting, transforming, and using energy from the environment, enabling organisms to build and maintain their intricate structures and to do mechanical, chemical, osmotic, and electrical work. Inanimate matter tends, rather, to decay toward a more disordered state, to come to equilibrium with its surroundings. A capacity for precise self-replication and self-assembly. A single bacterial cell placed in a sterile nutrient medium can give rise to a billion identical “daughter” cells in 24 hours. Each cell contains thousands of different molecules, some extremely complex; yet each bacterium is a faithful copy of the original, its construction directed entirely from information contained within the genetic material of the original cell. Mechanisms for sensing and responding to alterations in their surroundings, constantly adjusting to these changes by adapting their internal chemistry. Defined functions for each of their components and regulated interactions among them. This is true not only of macroscopic structures, such as leaves and stems or hearts and lungs, but also of microscopic intracellular structures and individual chemical compounds. The interplay among the chemical components of a living organism is dynamic; changes in one component cause coordinating or compensating changes in another, with the whole ensemble displaying a character beyond that of its individual parts. The collection of molecules carries out a program, the end result of which is reproduction of the program and self-perpetuation of that collection of moleculesin short, life. A history of evolutionary change. Organisms change their inherited life strategies to survive in new circumstances. The result of eons of evolution is an enormous diversity of life forms, superficially very different but fundamentally related through their shared ancestry.生物化学的研究内容生物化学的研究内容 研究生物的化学组成、生命过程中的化学变化。 回答：生命起源、太空生命、进化、发育、组织、免疫、学习与记忆、行为、心理、疾病 The Chemical Foundation of Life生命的分子逻辑生命的分子逻辑（the molecular logic of the living state） 所有生物都含有按一套共同蓝图构建的有机大分子。（生物大分子的简化性） 所有生物都使用相同的构件分子（building-block molecules）。 所有生物均通过其所含有的一套特有的核酸蛋白质系统而保持其特殊性。 所有生物分子在细胞中均有特定的功能。 细胞是能从环境中汲取能量和物质，自我装配、自我调节、自我延续的恒温体系。 细胞是生物分子排列成的复杂性逐步增加的系统：细胞是生物分子排列成的复杂性逐步增加的系统：有机体有机体/组织组织 细胞细胞 细胞器细胞器 超分子装配系统超分子装配系统 生物大分子生物大分子 构件分子构件分子 元素元素27种元素，主要是4种（C、H、O、N）蛋白质（1011-1012）、核酸、糖、脂氨基酸（20种）、核苷酸（8种）、单糖、脂肪酸生物膜、染色体、核糖体、细胞骨架多样性增加和复杂性增加生物化学主要研究范畴生物化学主要研究范畴大肠杆菌的分子组成大肠杆菌的分子组成成分成分 相对含量相对含量 分子种类分子种类水水 70 70 1 1蛋白质蛋白质 1515 3000 3000DNADNA 1 1 1 1RNARNA 6 6 1000 1000糖糖 3 3 50 50脂脂 2 402 40构件分子构件分子 2 2 500 500无机离子无机离子 1 1 12 12Biology is a science of information.目录 第一部分第一部分 主要生物分子类群主要生物分子类群结构与性质结构与性质 序（生物分子类群、水解） 第一章 糖 第二章 脂 第三章 蛋白质 第四章 核酸 第二部分第二部分 功能性生物分子功能性生物分子结构与功能结构与功能 第五章 酶和辅酶 第六章 细胞信号分子（激素、细胞因子、神经递质、受体） 第七章 运输分子（血浆转运蛋白、细胞膜载体、膜通道） 第八章 防御分子（抗体、抗原、毒素、抗生素）目录（续） 第三部分第三部分 细胞代谢细胞代谢 第九章 代谢总论 第十章 能量代谢（能量的储存、转化与释放） ：糖酵解、柠檬酸循环、脂肪酸B-氧化、呼吸链和氧化磷酸化、酮体的生成和利用 第十一章 构件分子的合成与转化 第十二章 生物活性分子的合成与转化 第四部分第四部分 生物大分子合成生物大分子合成 第十三章 DNA的生物合成 第十四章 RNA的生物合成 第十五章 蛋白质的生物合成教科书和参考文献 王镜岩等：生物化学（第三版），高等教育出版社，2002 David L. Nelson, Michael M. Cox Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, Fifth Edition. B.Alberts et al, Molecuar Biology of the cell (third edition) ,Garland Publishing. Inc. T. McKee and J.R. McKee Biochemistry WCB（wm. C.Brown Publishers）1996 刘曼西 生物化学学习指导与题解，华中科技大学出版社，2003.10 化学题录（CT）、化学文摘（CA）、生物学文摘（BA） Chemical Titles(CT)：美国化学协会周刊，通过关键词指导读者了解近期发表的论文。 Chemical Abstracts(CA)：美国化学协会周刊，分两部分：index（关键词和作者）和 abstracts。摘引期刊12000多种，报道22个国家的专利和文献。 Biological Abstracts（BA）：美国科学情报处，半月刊，摘引期刊12000种左右。网上生物化学杂志 Science (searchable, Table of Contents and Abtracts, Complete Articles for subscribers, Science Now! daily science news) Nature (Table of Contents and Abstracts, Editorials, Special On-line Information) Molecular Microbiology (Table of Contents, Abstracts; journal available electronically via subscription) Journal of Biological Chemistry (searchable, abstracts, full text articles available via subscription) Cell (Table of Contents and Abstracts for the journals Cell, Neuron, and Immunology) PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (Table of Contents, Abstracts) Journal of Molecular Biology (guest login gives you access to Table of Contents and Abstracts,
