Mbjkna毕业论文外文翻译资料样例.docx

秋风清，秋月明,落叶聚还散,寒鸦柄复惊。西安建筑科技高校华清学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译院（系）:.经贸系.专业；市场营销姓名：许芳学号：外文出处：一DonaIdHaisandDoniS（用外文一TalliaConlracl1.aWTOday.1995附件，1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文完成日期：2010年3日25日1. BrieflyoncontractsThelawofcontractsisconcernedwiththeenforcementofpromissoryobligations.Contractualliabilityisusuallybasedonconsentfreelygivenintheformofanexpresspromiseoroneimpliedinfactfromtheactsoftheparties.Insomecircumstances,however,thecourtswillimplyapromise(oftencalledimpliedinlaworquasicontract)inordertoavoidunjustenrichmentinspiteoflackofconsentbythepartywhoisboundbyit.Thesubjectmatterofcontractlawcomprisescapacity,formalities,offerandacceptance,consideration,fraudandmistake,legality,interpretationandconstuction,perfoimanceandconditionsofperformance,frustrationandimpossibility,discharge,rightsofassigneesandthirdpartybeneficiaries,andremedies.Ithas,Ioaveryconsiderableextent,preserveditsunitaryquality,resistingfundamentaldistinclionsbetweendifferentclassesofcontractsaccordingtoeitherthesubjectoftheagreementorthenatureoftheparties.Accordingly,withsomeexceptions,itsprinciplesareapplicabletoagreementsonsuchvariedsubjectsasemployment,saleol'goodsorland,andinsurance,andtosuchdiversepartiesasindividuals,businessorganizations,andgovernmentalentities.Itislargelystateratherthanfederallaw,but.itdiffersusuallyonlyindetai1fromonestatetoanther.Whileitisstillprimarilycaselaw,anincreasingnumberofstatutesdealwithparticularproblems.TheUniformCommercialCode,forexample,containssomespecialprovisionsontheformationofcontractsforthesaleofgoods.AndbytheTuckerActof1887,asamended,oneofthemostsignificantofthefederalstatutesinthefield,theUnitedStatesgovernmenthaswaiveditssovereignimmunityincontractactionsbyconsentingtosuitinthefederalcourts.Someruleslaiddownbystatute,andbycaselawaswell,aremandatoryorcompu1soryandcannotbeavoidedbytheparties,whiIeothersareimplicative,interpretative,orSuppletoryandcanbevariedbyagreement.Acontractmaybesimplydefinedasapromiseforthebreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,althoughthewordcontract',nayalsobeusedtorefertotheseriesofactsbywhichthepartiesexpressedtheiragreement,tothedocumentwhichtheymayhaveexecuted,ortothelegalrelationswhichhaveresulted.Notallpromiseareenforceableandseveralcriteriamustbemetbeforethelawwillgivearemedy.TwoofthemostfundamentalofthesearetherequirementofawritingandrequirementofConsideration.therequirementofaWrilingisimposedbystatutesoffrauds,derivedfromtheEnglishStatuteofFraudsof1677twhichhavebeenenactedthroughouttheUnitedStates.TypicallytheyProVidethat,withsomeexceptions,specifiedkin(isofcontractsareunenforceableunlessevidencedbyawriting.TheyusualIycovercontractstosellgoodsofmorethanaminimumvalue,contractstosellland,contractstoanswerforlhedebtofanother,andcontractsnottobeperformedwithinayear.Manyagreements,suchasmostcontractstofurnishservices,arenotincludedandareenforceableevenifthereisnowriting.AlthoughdissatisfactionhasledtotherepealofmostoftheEnglishStatuteofFraudsin1954,therehasbeennoseriousmovementforitsabolitionintheUnitedStates.apartfromanyrequirementofawriting,apromiseisnotgenerallyenforceableintheUnitedStatesunlessitissupportedbyconsideration.HistoricalIyapromissorycouldmakeabindingwriItenpromise,evenwithoutconsideration,byaffixinghiswaxsealtothewriting.Butasthewaxsealwasreplacedbyapennedorprintedimitation,thesealbecameanemptyformalityanditseffectivenesshasnowbeeneliminatedoratleastgreatlydiminishedbystatestatutes.Considerationisessentiallysomethingforwhichthepromisorhasbargainedandwhichhehasreceivedinexchangeforhisownpromise.11maybeanotherpromisegiveninreturn,inwhichcasetheresultingcontractisknownasabilateralcontract,oritnaybeanactgiveninreturn,inwhichcasetheresultingcontractisknownasunilateralcontract.But,forexample,agratuitouspromise,includingonetopayforgoodsorserviceswhichhavealreadysupportedbyconsideration.FortunatelythereareonlyafewsuchinstancesofbusinesspromisesinwhichtherequirementofConsiderationisnotmet.Oneofthemosttroublesomeinvolvesthe"firm”,orirrevocable,offer.TheusualruleintheUnitedStatesisthatanofferorhasthepowertorevokehisofferatanytimebeforeitsacceptancebytheofferee,andapromisebytheofferornottorevokeisnotgeneralIyeffectiveunlesssupportedbyconsideration.Acommondeviceforholdingtheofferortohispromiseisthepaymenttohimofanominalsum,forexampleonedollar,asconsiderationforwhatisthenknownasan“option."EvenwithoutConsiderationafewcourtshaveheldthattheofferorwasestopped,orprecluded,fromrevokinghisofferwheretheoffereereliedtohisdetrimentuponthepromise.Butthemostsatisfactorysolutionhasbeenthroughlegislation,adoptedinanumberofstates,makinganofferirrevocable,regardlessofconsideration,ifiIisembodiedinasignedwritingwhichstatesthatitisirrevocable.Asthissuggests,thetendencyhasbeentoattempttoremedythedeficienciesofthedoctrineofconsiderationratherthantodiscardit.IntheIniledStates,contracts,likestatutes,arecharacteristicallydetailedandprolix.Thosepreparedbylawyersareoftencompoundedofstandardclauses,popularlyknownas“boiler-plate,''takenfromotheragreementskeptonfileorfromb