世界银行-将人与项目联系起来：衡量中东和北非妇女就业的新方法（英）-2024.1.docx

PaUO1.nnValnsoosQ.2-qndPolicyResearchWorkingPaper10659ConnectingPeopletoProjectsANewApproachtoMeasuringWomen'sEmploymentintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaPZ'OfnValnsoosQ.2-qndRaguiAssaadCarolineKrafftworldBankgroupMiddleEastandNorthAfricaRegionOfficeoftheChiefEconomistJanuary2024Poi.icyRESEARCHWorkingPaper10659AbstractInnovationstodateindetectingwomen,semploymenthavefocusedprimarilyonimprovingindividual-levelquestions.Thispaperexploresanalternativeapproach,usingdataonhouseholdenterprisesandaskingwhoparticipatesintheseactivities.Thisresearchusesthelatestwavesofthe1.aborMarketPanelSurrcysfortheArabRepublicofEgyPt(2018)andTunisia(2014).Theresearchquestionsarc(1)HOWdomcn,sandwomcn,semploymentrateschangewhenaddingenterprise-baseddetectionquestionstostandardindividual-levelquestions?(2)Wastheadditionalmarketsifledassubsistenceworkwithindividualmeasurementapproaches?(3)Forwhichwomenisadditionalemploymentdetectedusingproject-basedapproaches?Thepaperpresentsdescriptiveresultsonworkbasedonthedifferentapproaches.Italsoestimateschangesinstate(beingreclassifiedasworking)fromaddingenterprise-leveldata.Thefindingsshowlargeincreasesinemploymentratesforruralwomeninbothcountrieswhenincludingenterprise-baseddetectionquestions.ThispaperisaproductoftheOfficeoftheChiefEconomist,MiddleEastandNorthAfricaRegion.ItispartofalargereffortbytheWorldBanktoprovideopenaccesstoitsresearchandmakeacontributiontodevelopmentpolicydiscussionsaroundtheworld.PolicyResearchWorkingPapersarealsopostedontheWebatTheauthorsmaybecontactedatassaadumn.eduorcgkrafftstkate.edu.TbcPoiityRese<rcbWoriungPaperSeriesdisseminatesU)efindingofnorkhiprocesstoencouragetheexCban.ofideasaboutda>elopnentissues.Anol)jecti>eoftheseriesisto妒tbefindingoutquickly,eveniftbepresentationsarelessthanfullyf)olisbed.Thepaperscanythenamesoft!)tauthorsandshouldbecitedaccordingly.Tbefinding,interpretations,andconclusionsexpressedinthispaperareenfirefythose可theauthors.TheydonotnecrssarilyrrprvstrnttbeviewsoftbeInleniationalbankforReconstructionandDevtiopMenl/WorldBankanditsaffiliatedorganisations,orthoseoftbeVlxecuihvDincforsoflbeWorldBankortbeavmmentstheyrepresent.ProducedbytheResearchSupportTeamConnectingPeopletoProjects:ANewApproachtoMeasuringWomen,sEmploymentintheMiddleEastandNorthAfricaRaguiAssaadCorrespondingauthor.HumphreySchoolofPublicAffairs,UniversityOfMinnesota.Email:assaadumn.eduandCarolineKrafftDepartmentofEconomicsandPoliticalScience,St.CatherineUniversity.Email:cgkrafft()stkate.eduKeywords:Employment,gender,householdenterprises,Egypt,TunisiaJE1.codes:J21,J22J43AcknowledgmentsThisworkwassupportedbytheMENAChiefEconomistOfficeunderthelaborandgenderresearchprograms(TT1.s:NellyElmallakhandNazmulChaudhury).WeappreciatethecommentsofparticipantsintheMNACEauthors,workshop,particularlyourdiscussant1.ayaneAlhorr.1 IntroductionAccuratelymeasuringwomen'semploymentiscriticaltounderstandingandaddressinggenderinequality,butthismeasurementischallenging,particularlyincontextswheregendernormsundervaluewomen'sparticipationinmarketemployment.Especiallyinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries(1.MICs),asubstantialshareofemploymentisinformal(1.aPortaandShleifer2014)andthusinvisibleinadministrativedata,requiringemploymenttobeestimatedfromsurveys.Althoughthe19lhInternationalConferenceof1.abourStatisticians(IC1.S)in2013adoptedclearnewguidelinesforemploymentstatisticsandthedefinitionofemployment(I1.O2013),women,semploymentisoftenunderreportedinsurveys.Womenmayengageinavarietyofformsofwork.Wherethedividinglinebetweenmarketemployment,subsistencework,anddomesticworkismorefluid,women,semploymentcanbemismeasuredifsurveysarenotcarefullydesigned(Anker1983;AnkerandAnker1989;DesiereandCosta2019;Discenzaetal.2021;Durazoetal.2021;FranckandOlsson2014;1.angstenandSalem2008;MullerandSousa2020).Pastinnovationshaveworkedtoimprovemeasurementofwomen,semploymentinindividuallevelsurveysbymovingbeyondsimplekeyworddetectionquestionstoanactivitieslistorrecoveryquestionstocapturemoreofthe“hidden”workdonebywomen(Anker1983;AnkerandAnker1989;Discenzaetal.2021;Durazoetal.2021;1.angstenandSalem2008).Keywordquestionstypicallytrytodetectemploymentbyaskingabout"work"ora'Job"or“mainactivity,Women,especiallyincontextswheregendernormsemphasizewomen,srolesashomemakers,maynotconsidertheiremploymentajob,identifyingprimarilyashousewives,evenifhelpinginafamilybusinessorfarm(FranckandOlsson2014;MullerandSousa2020).Activitieslistsaskrespondentsiftheyengagedinspecific,oftenunder-detectedlocalactivities(e.g.makingcheese,butter,orgheetosell)(AnkerandAnker1989;1.angstenandSalem2008).PastresearchfromtheArabRepublicofEgypthasshownthesuperiorityoftheindividualactivitieslistincapturingwork,comparedtokeyworddetectionapproaches(1.angstenandSalem2008).Recoveryquestionstakeasimilarapproach,askingiftheindividualwasworkingonafamilyfarm,forexample,andwhethertheproductswereintendedformarket(Discenzaetal.2021;Durazoetal.2021).Theseinnovationscansubstantiallyincre