亚开行-进入壁垒：消除巴基斯坦城市求职中的性别差距（英）-2023.12_市场营销策划_重点报告20.docx

BARRIERSTOENTRYDECOMPOSINGTHEGENDERGAPINJOBSEARCHINURBANPAKISTANElisabettaGentile7NikitoKohli,NivedhithaSubramanian,ZuniaTirmazee,andKateVybornyNO. 707December 2023AdbeconomicsWORKINGPAPERSERIESADBEconomicsWorkingPaperSeriesBarrierstoEntry:DecomposingtheGenderGapinJobSearchinUrbanPakistanElisabetta Gentile, Nikita Kohli, NivedhithaSubramanian, Zunia Tirmazee1 and Kate VybornyNo. 707 I December 2023The ADB Economics Working Paper Series presents research in progress to elicit comments and encourage debate on development issues in Asia and the Pacific. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of ADB or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.Elisabetta Gentile (egentileadb.org) is a senior economist at the South Asia Department, Asian Development Bank. Nikita Kohli (nikita.kohli() duke.edu) is a PhD student and Kate Vyborny (katherine.vybornyduke.edu) is associate director ofthe DeVLabDUke and a research associate at the Department of Economics, Duke University. Nivedhitha Subramanian (nsubramabates.edu) is an assistant professor at Bates College. Zunia Tirmazee (zuniatirmazee) is an assistant professor at Lahore School of Economics.ICreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)©2023AsianDevelopmentBank6ADBAvenue,MandaluyongCity,1550MetroManila,PhilippinesTel+63286324444;Fax+63286362444Somerightsreserved.Publishedin2023.ISSN2313-6537(print),2313-6545(electronic)PublicationStockNo.WPS230551-2DOI:TheviewsexpressedinthispublicationarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflecttheviewsandpoliciesoftheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)oritsBoardofGovernorsorthegovernmentstheyrepresent.ADBdoesnotguaranteetheaccuracyofthedataincludedinthispublicationandacceptsnoresponsibilityforanyconsequenceoftheiruse.ThementionofspecificcompaniesorproductsofmanufacturersdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyADBinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.Bymakinganydesignationoforreferencetoaparticularterritoryorgeographicarea,orbyusingtheterm"untry"inthispublication.ADBdoesnotintendtomakeanyjudgmentsastothelegalorotherstatusofanyterritoryorarea.ThispublicationisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution3.0IGOlicense(CCBY3.0IGO)Byusingthententofthispublication,youagreetobeboundbythetermsofthislicense.Forattribution,translations,adaptations,andpermissions,pleasereadtheprovisionsandtermsofuseathttps:/www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess.ThisCChtmaterialsintispublication.Ifthematerialisattributedtoanothersource,pleasentactthecopyrightownerorpublisherofthatsourceforpermissiontoreproduceit.ADBcannotbeheldliableforanyclaimsthatariseasaresultofyouruseofthematerial.Pleasentactpbsmarketing(g)adb.orgifyouhavequestionsorcommentswithrespecttoComenLorifyouwishtoobtaincopyrightpermissionforyourintendedusethatdoesnotfallwithintheseterms,orforpermissiontousetheADBlogo.CorrigendatoADBpublicationsmaybefoundatNote:Inthispublication,*PRs"referstoPakistanrupeesande$"referstoUnitedStatesdollars.ADBrecognizes"China"asthePeople'sRepublicofChina.ABSTRACTGendergapsinlabormarketoutcomespersistinSouthAsia.Anopenquestioniswhethersupplyordemandsideconstraintsplayalargerrole.WeinvestigatethisusingmatcheddatafromthreesourcesinLahore,Pakistan:representativesamplesofjobseekersandemployers;administrativedatafromajobmatchingplatform;andanincentivizedresumeratingexperiment.Employers1genderrestrictionsarealargerconstraintonwomen,sjobopportunitiesthansupply-sidedecisions.Athigherlevelsofeducation,demand-sidebarriersrelax,allowingwomentoqualifyformorejobsbutatlowersalaries.Onthesupplyside,educatedwomenbecomemoreselectiveintheirsearch.Keywords:gender,discrimination,jobsearch,jobsplatform,vacancies,applicationsJELcodes:J16,J22,J23,R23Wearegratefulforvaluablefeedbackfromseminar,conference,andworkshopparticipantsattheAsianDevelopmentBank,DukeUniversity,theDiversityandHumanCapitalWorkshopatExeter,theEuropeanEconomicAssociation,theIZAMatchingWorkersandJobsOnlineWorkshop,theLACDevConference,theADEConferenceattheLahoreSchoolofEconomics,theNorthEastUniversitiesDevelopmentConsortiumConference,theMaineEconomicsConference,theYaIe-ADBIGender-SensitiveEconomicRecoveryConference,andtheYaleEGCworkshop.WethankLiviaAlfonsi,EmilyConover,RohiniPande,DanilaSerra,andNiharikaSinghforcomments.WethanktheentireJobTalashteamatCERPandDukeforexcellentresearchassistanceandprogrammaticsupport.WethankEricaFieldandRobGarlickforhelpfulcommentsonthedraftandcollaborationonthebroaderJobTalashprogramofresearch.WegratefullyacknowledgefundingforthisprojectfromADB1andforthebroaderJobTalashresearchprogramfromtheGLM-LIC13IE,IGC,J-PAL1PEDL,andtheNationalScienceFoundation(SES1629317).ThisresearchreceivedethicsapprovalfromDukeUniversity(2019-0067).Previouslypresentedas,ALeakyPipeline:DecomposingthegendergapinjobsearchinurbanPakistan/1 IntroductionVastgendergapsinemployment,stemmingfromlowlevelsofwomen'semploym