给水工程英文文献翻译.docx

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1、附录己外文文献及其译文外文文献：RemovalofPharmaceuticalsduringDrinkingWaterTreatmentTheeliminationofselectedpharmaceuticals(bezafibrate,clofibricacid,carbamazepine,diclofenac)duringdrinkingwatertreatmentprocesseswasinvestigatedatlabandpilotscaleandinrealwaterworks.Nosignificantremovalofpharmaceuticalswasobservedinb

2、atchexperimentswithsandundernaturalaerobicandanoxicconditions,thusindicatinglowsorptionpropertiesandhighpersistencewithnonadaptedmicroorganisms.TheseresultswereunderscoredbythepresenceofcarbamazepineinbankfiItratedwaterwithanaerobicconditionsinawaterworksarea.Flocculationusingiron(lll)chlorideinlab-

3、scaleexperiments(Jartest)andinvestigationsinwaterworksexhibitednosignificanteliminationoftheselectedtargetpharmaceuticals.However,ozonationwasinsomecasesveryeffectiveineliminatingthesepolarcompounds.Inlabscaleexperiments,0.5mg/Lozonewasshowntoreducetheconcentrationsofdiclofenacandcarbamazepinebymore

4、than90%,whilebezafibratewaseliminatedby50%witha1.5mg/Lozonedose.Clofibricacidwasstableevenat3mg/Lozone.Underwaterworksconditions,similarremovalefficiencieswereobserved.Inadditiontoozonation,filtrationwithgranularactivatedcarbon(GAC)wasveryeffectiveinremovingpharmaceuticals.Exceptforclofibricacid,GAC

5、inpilot-scaleexperimentsandwaterworksprovidedamajoreliminationofthepharmaceuticalsunderinvestigation.IntroductionInGermany,somepharmaceuticalsareusedinquantitiesofmorethan100t/yr(1).Pharmacokineticstudiesexhibitthatanappreciableproportionoftheadministeredpharmaceuticalsareexcretedviafecesandurine(2)

6、andthusarepresentinthedomesticwastewater.Afurthersourceforthecontaminationofwastewaterisassumedtobethedisposalof(expired)medicineviatoilets.However,thisportionisverydifficulttoestimatebecausereliabledataarenotavailable.Afterpassingthroughsewagetreatmentplants(STPs),pharmaceuticalresiduesenterreceivi

7、ngwaters.Pointdischargesfrompharmaceuticalmanufacturerscanalsocontributetocontaminationofriversandcreeks(3).Firstresultsconcerningenvironmentaloccurrenceofpharma-ceuticalsarereportedbyGarrisonetal.(4)andHigniteandAzarnoff(5),whodetectedclofibricacidinthelowermicrogramsperliterrangeintreatedsewageint

8、heUnitedStates.Furtherstudiesin1981inGreatBritainrevealedthatpharmaceuticalsarepresentinriversupto1ig/L(6).OnIonaIsland(Vancouver,Canada)Rogersetal.(7)identifiedthetwoantiphlogisticsibuprofenandnaproxeninwaste-water.Recentinvestigationsshowedtheexposureofawiderangeofpharmaceuticalsfrommanymedicinalc

9、lasses(e.g,betablockers,Sympathomimetics,antiphlogistics,lipidregulators,antiepileptics,antibiotics,vasodilators)toriversandcreeks.ReviewsfromHalling-SOrensenetal.(8),DaughtonandTemes(9),andJOrgensenetal.(10)summarizemostoftheliteratureinthisnewemergingfieldabouttheenviron-mentalrelevanceofpharmaceu

10、ticals.Furthermore,Mohleetal.(11),Alderetal.(12),Temesetal.(3),andZuccatoetal.(13)havereportedtheidentificationofpharmaceuticalsintheaquaticenvironment.Contaminationisinfluencedbytherelativeportionsofrawandtreatedwastewater(14)suchthatevensmallriversandcreekscanbehighlycontaminated.Groundwateriscont

11、aminatedwithpharmaceuticalsprimarilybyinfiltrationofsurfacewatercontainingpharmaceuticalresiduesaswellasbyleaksinlandfillsitesandsewerdrains.Becauseofthewidespreadoccurrenceofpharmaceuticalsintheaquaticenvironmentandsometimesalsointherawwaterofwaterworks,afewcasessurfacedwherepharmaceuticalsweredete

12、ctedindrinkingwaterinthelowernanogramsperliterrange(15,16).Althoughuptonownoadversehealtheffectscanbeattributedtotheconsumptionofpharmaceuticalsattheselowconcentrationlevels,basedonprecautionaryprinciples,drinkingwatershouldbefreeofsuchanthro-pogeniccontaminants.Currently,fewpapershavebeenpublishedd

13、ealingwiththeremovalofpharmaceuticalsindrinkingwatertreatment.Ozonationandespeciallyadvancedoxidationprocessesseemtobeveryeffectiveinremovalofdiclofenac,whileclofibricacidandibuprofenwereoxidizedinlab-scaleexperimentsmainlybyozoneH2O2asshownbyZwienerandFrimmel(17).Hebereretal.(18)exhibitedthatrevers

14、eosmosisisappropriatetoremoveavarietyofdifferentpharmaceuticalsfromhighlycontaminatedsurfacewaters.Theobjectiveoftheworkpresentedherewastostudytheefficiencyofdifferenttreatmentstepstoremovetheanti-phlogisticdiclofenac,theantiepilepticcarbamazepine,andthelipidregulatorsclofibricacidandbezafibrateduri

15、ngdrinkingwatertreatment.Therefore,theprimaryeliminationoftheselectedpharmaceuticalswasinvestigatedunderlaboratory,pilot,andrealwaterworksconditions.Inadditiontoprocessessuchasbankfiltrationandartificialgroundwaterrecharge,widelyusedtechniquesforsurfacewatertreatmentsuchasactivatedcarbonfiltration,o

16、zonation,andfloccula-tionwereinvestigated.ThemonitoringresultsoftwoGermanwaterworksareextendedbylab-andpilot-scaleexperimentstoobtainmoregeneralizedresults.ExperimentalSectionSelectedpharmaceuticals.Foralllab-andpilot-scalespikingexperiments,fourrelevantpharmaceuticals(theantiphlo-gisticdiclofenac,theantiepilepticcarbamazepine,thelipidregulatorsclofibricacidandbezafibrate)havebeenselectedastargetcompounds.TheirmolecularstructuresareshowninTable1.Thesecompoundshavebeenchosen