泰勒主义.docx

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1、ACriticalStudyonBehaviorismandTaylorismIntroductionUndertheinfluenceofmechanism,behaviorismandscientificmanagementtheoryhavegraduallydeveloped,andaffectedthefbllow-updevelopmentofmanagementtheory.Thispaperanalyzesthetheoryofmechanismandbehaviorism,anddiscussestheirinfluenceonTaylorism.Italsoanalyzes

2、theapplicationandlimitationsofTaylorisminmodemorganizations.TheideaofstandardizedproductionandmaterialrewardsystemproposedbyTaylordoctrinehavebeenwidelyusedinmodernenterprisemanagementpractice,whichhasplayedapositiveroleinlarge-scaleproductionandimprovinglaborefficiency.However,Taylordoctrineignores

3、peoplesneedsforthepsychologicalandspiritualworld,andmechanicalmanagementdistortshumannature,whichhasbecomeanimportantdefectofTaylordoctrine.EnterprisesneedtoavoidtheselimitationsintheprocessofapplyingTaylordoctrine.1. Mechanismandbehaviorism1.1 MechanistictheoryMechanismisaschoolofphilosophy.Mechani

4、sminsiststhatobjectiveobjectsconstitutetheworld.Theseobjectsmovemechanically.Thesesubstancescanbeperceivedandunderstoodbyhumanbeings,buttheywillnotrelyonhumanthoughts.Whathumanbeingsperceivecanonlybesomecharacteristicsofmatter(Brown,&1.adyman,2019).Mattermovesmechanicallyaccordingtothelaw.Naturalphe

5、nomenaareproducedbythemechanicalmovementofmatter,andthisistheonlyreason.Mechanismevenbelievesthatmanisabiologicalmachine.Althoughitisexquisitelyconstructed,itisstillmovingmechanicallyinessence(Liu,J2007).Mechanismdefinesthehumanbodyasakindofmaterialmechanicalmovement,andputshumanconsciousness,emotio

6、nandthinkinginasubordinateposition(Lodge,2014).ThisconcepthasaffectedthedevelopingbehaviorismandTaylorism.Scholarsbegantopayattentiontothechangesofhumanbehaviorandexternalenvironmenttobehaviormachinery,thusreducingtheattentiontohumanpsychologicalandspiritualneeds.1.2 BehaviorismBehaviorismisanimport

7、antschoolseparatedfrompsychology.Behaviorismtheorytakespredictingandcontrollingthebehavioroforganismsasthemainresearchcontent.Thistheoryabsorbstheviewpointsof,matterconstitutestheworldanddoesnotdependonhumanconsciousness*and,themechanicalmovementofmatteristheonlyreasonfortheformationofnaturalphenome

8、nainmechanism.Behaviorismtheoryalsoadvocatesshiftingthefocusofresearchfromhumanpsychologyandconsciousnesstothebehavioroforganisms(Mahoney,1989).Behaviorismattemptstodeveloppsychologyintoacompletenaturalscience.Behaviorismemphasizestheuseofobjectiveobservationtostudybehavior.Scholarstrytoestablishthe

9、functionbetweenenvironmentalstimuliandorganicbehaviorbyobservingandstudyingtheconnectionlawbetweenstimuliandbehavior,sothattheycanpredictandcontrolcollectivebehaviorbyadjustingenvironmentalstimuli.Classicalbehaviorismholdsthatthebehavioroforganismsisacollectionofindividualreactions,andindividualreac

10、tionsarenotinnate,butobtainedbyorganismsthroughlearningandconsolidationunderthestimulationofenvironmentalfactors,andemphasizestheinterpretationofbehaviorphenomenabypureandobjectivestandcirds(Skinner,1977).Newbehaviorismintegratessomepsychologicalviewpoints.Whileemphasizingthebasisofobjectivematerial

11、,italsoputsforwardthatthereispurposeandlogicinthebehavioroforganisms.Neobehaviorismalsobelievesthatthebehavioroforganismscanberegulatedandcontrolledbychangingenvironmentalstimuli.Therewardorpunishmentintheexternalenvironmentwillstrengthensomebehaviorsoforganisms,andthesebehaviorswilldegeneratewithou

12、tthestimulationoftheexternalenvironment(Staats,&Eifert,1977).Onthisbasis,scholarsputforwardincentivemotivationtheoryandsociallearningtheory.Incentivemotivationtheoryholdsthatincentiveisanimportantintermediaryvariablebetweenenvironmentalstimulationandbehavior.Thegreaterthepositiveinfluenceofthestimul

13、us,thegreatertheincentivedisplayedbythestimulus.Thismeansthatstimuliareproducedbyincentiverewardmachinesfororganicbehavior.Sociallearningtheoryholdsthatpeopleslearninginthesocialenvironmentshapespeoplespersonalityandcharacter.Humanbeingsformtheexpectationandvaluejudgmentoftheirbehaviorresultsthrough

14、thecontinuousaccumulationofexperiencestimulatedbytheenvironment,andcarryoutself-regulationonthisbasis.2. Taylorism2.1 InfluenceofmechanismandbehaviorismMechanismshiftsthefocusofpeoplesattentionfromhumanspirittoobjectivematerial.Humanbehaviorbecomestheresultofthemechanicalmovementofobjectivematerial,

15、andevenhumanisacomplexmachine.Taylorismacceptedtheseviewsofmechanicalmaterialism.Taylorismbegantoobjectivelyobservehumanbehaviorandstudythebestactionofeachlinkintheproductionprocess.Taylorismadvocatesimprovingtheefficiencyoftheproductionprocessthroughobservationandscientificaction,andfonulatingthest

16、andardsoftheproductionprocessaccordingtoallscientificactions.Taylorsscientificmanagementtheoryismechanicalinthedecompositionofproductionprocessandthedesignofproductionaction(Su,2017).Atthesametime,Taylorismalsogivesuptheconsiderationofpeoplesspiritualfeelings.Thesearesimilartotheinfluenceofmechanismonbehaviorism.Behaviorismemphasizesthatthebehavioroforganismsisformedbycontinuouslearninginthestimulationoftheobjectiveenvironment,andbelievesthatinducementisani