油轮安全SAFETYonOILTANKER.docx

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1、Dangercanalwaysbepresentinatanker.Mostoftheriskisremovedbythedesigner.Whatriskremainscanonlybeavoidedbytakingcare.Thiscaremustbetakenbyeverybodyaboardtheship.You.Tobeabletoavoidrisksyoumustknowwhattheyare.Thisbookletwarnsyouoftherisks.Itexplainshowtheycanarise.Itinstructshowtheycanbeavoided.Byyou.Te

2、rmsareexplainedasWegoalong.Ifyoualreadyunderstandtheterms,pleasebepatient-yourshipmatemaynot.SAFETYIIMOILTANKERSPublished in 1973 and revised in 1978 byTHE INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF SHIPPINGInthisbookletpetroleummeanscrudeoilorproductsmadefromit.Petroleumcanbehandledsafely.Careisabsolutelynecessaryth

3、roughoutthewholeoperation.Tobeabletoexercisecareyouneedtoknowsomethingaboutpetroleum.Thecharacteristicsofanysubstancewhichdeterminehowitwillbehaveundervariousconditionsareknownasthepropertiesofthesubstance.Weshalldealwithsomeofthepropertiesofpetroleum.EvaporationAllliquidscanchange-orbechangedintova

4、pour.Theprocessofchangingintovapouriscalledevaporation.ItisusualtorefertosuchVapourvapoursasgases.Petroleumformspetroleumvapour.BurningLiquidpetroleumdoesnotburn.Itispetroleumvapourthatburns.Dangerincreasesaccordingtohowreadilyaproductevaporates.Thelowerthetemperatureatwhichapetroleumcanevaporate,th

5、emoredangerousitis.Mixtures,Apetroleumvapourcanonlyburnifitismixedwithoxygen.Oxygenisanimportantpartoftheairaroundus.WhenwerefertoamixtureinthisbookletWenormallymeanamixtureofpetroleumvapourandair.FlammableYouwillrecognisethewordflameinflammable.Flammablemeanscapableofbeingsetonfire.Amixturewhichcan

6、besetonfireisaVflammablemixture.Flammable1.imitsItispossibletohaveamixturecontainingsolittleorsomuchpetroleumvapourthatitcannotburn.Mixturesthathavereachedthesestrengthshavereachedtheflammablelimits.J.FlammableRangeBetweentheseflammablelimitsthereliesaquitenarrowrangeofmixtureswhichareflammable.This

7、isknownastheflammablerange.Flammablelimitsandflammablerangearesometimesreferredtoastheexplosivelimitsandexplosiverange.Mostsubstanceswhenheatedexpand.Evaporationcausesrapidexpansion.Burningofthevapourcausesheatingandevengreaterexpansion.Iftheexpansionisconfinedpressuremayincreasestillfurther.EXPLOSI

8、ON,FlashpointThelowesttemperatureatwhichaliquidgivesoffenoughvapourtoformaflammablemixtureiscalleditsflashpoint.Someproductsevaporateveryrapidly.Theyproduceplentyofgasatnormalpressuresandtemperatures.Gasolineisanobviousexample.Vapourisnearlyalwayspresent.Ahotenoughsparkwillsetitonfire.Awordweshallus

9、einsteadofsetonfireisignite.Volatile1.iquidswhichevaporatereadilyareknownasvolatileliquids.Anypetroleumwithaflashpointbelow60C(140F)isclassedasvolatile.Spentrefinerywaste-spentcausticsodaforexample-maycontainvolatilepetroleum.Non-volatileSomeotherpetroleumevaporateslessrapidly.ThosewithaflashpointOf

10、60C(1400F)oroverareclassedasnon-volatile.Gasoilanddieseloilaretwoexamples.PetroleummistPetroleumsprayedfromaleakingpumporpipemayformamistofdroplets.SmokingSmoking in bedLightersMatchesTorchesDomestic equipmentFlammablemixturesmaybewhereyouleastexpectthem.Theyareeasilyignited.Sparkscansetthemoff.Smok

11、ingcanbeverydangerous.Secretsmokingismoredangerousthancontrolledsmoking.Theremaybeflammablegasinatoilet(forinstance).Gasmayhavebeendrawnintotheventilationsystem.Acraftysmokecouldbedisastrous.Smokinginbedisfoolishanywhere.Itisdangerousinanyship.Itcanbedisastrousinatanker.Ifacigarettelighterfallsitmay

12、operate.Nonsafetymatchesareamenace.Evensafetymatchesmalightaccidently.Ordinaryhandtorches(flashlights)spark.Domesticequipmentwhichcanigniteflammablevapoursinclude- shavers radios electriccookingappliancesIfacigarettelighterfalls,itmayoperate.pagefourObeyALLinstructionsaboutsmoking.Thecaptainwillsayw

13、heresmokingisallowed.ONLYSMOKEWHERESMOKINGISALLOWED.Insomeportsthelocalauthoritiesprohibitsmokinganywhereintheship.Thereareheavypenaltiesforbreachesoftheseregulations.NEVERSMOKEINBEDIfyouareallowedacigarettelighteronboard keepitinyourcabinKeepo-safetymatchesawayfromtankers.Keepallmatchesawayfromarea

14、swhereyouarenotallowedtosmoke.Useonlyspecialtorches(flashlights)issuedonboard.Keepyourelectricshaverandradioinyourcabin.Ifthereisanypossibilityofflammablevapourenteringgalleysoraccommodation donotuseelectricalappliancesNeversmokeinbed!Metal tools could cause sparks by being dropped.AluminiumIfalumin

15、iumoroneofitsalloysisknockedagainstrusttheremaybeaflashofheat.Theheatcanbeenoughtoigniteaflammablemixture.AluminiumAluminiumpaintoverrustmaybejustasdangerous.paintIfthatisstruckorrubbedthesameheatmaybegenerated.RubbishDirtywaste,rags,sawdustandotherrubbishisdangerousifleftlyingabout.Heatmaybegeneratedwithinbundlesofrubbish.Theheatmaybeenoughtoigniteflammablemixtures.Itmaybecomehotenoughtosetitselfonfire.Theriskisincreasedifmaterialisleftnearsteampipes.CathodicSomeshipstanksarefittedwithcathodicprotection.Thisisamethodprotectionofcont