2024剑桥雅思讲义Summary_Completion_Practice_Questions_2_.docx

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1、j Ei B/ IELTS ADVANTAGESummaryCompletionPracticeQuestionsCompletethesummarybelow.WriteNOMORETHAN2WORDSforeachanswer.TheWrongSideoftheTracksRecentresearchhasshownthatunderprivilegedpeopletendtoliveontheeastsidesofplacesdueto1.BecausewhenviewedfromtheNorthPole,theearthrotatesinacounterclockwisefashion

2、,windsinbothhemispheresareusuallyblowingtowards2.Aresultofthisisthatpeoplelivingwherethesewindsandpollutionareblowingarethosewith3.This4.dynamicisseennotjustinAmericancitiesbutinthoseallaroundtheworld.Infact,British5.historianshavemodeledindustrial-agesmokestackdispersionandcometothesameconclusion:m

3、unitiestowardstheeast.WhenoneconsidersthatmostAmericaneastsidecommunitieswereformedwhensegregationwas7.,itseasytounderstandhowmembersofthesecommunitieshavealsobeendeniedloansandfinancialhelp,forcingsuchpeopleintoaterribledownward8.ofpoverty.Asthissituationhaslargelybeencausedbybad9.,itwillbenecessar

4、ytofixthesituationthrougha10.toconsidercityplanningthatwillbebeneficialtoall.IELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionPracticeQuestionsAnswerKey:1. (the)wind2. theeast3. lesspower4. campfire5. economic6. marginalized7. legal8. spiral9. design10. commitmentLinktovideotutorial:https:STranSCriPtSOUrCe:https:WWWI

5、cametotalkaboutfirstprinciplesandcommunitiesthatIlove-especiallyEastPaloAlto,California,whichisfullofamazingpeople.Itsalsoacommunitythatsoddlyseparatedbythe101freewaythatrunsthroughSiliconValley.OnthewestsideofthefreewayinPaloAltoarethehaves,onjustaboutanydimensionyoucanthinkof:education,income,acce

6、sstowater.Ontheeastsideofthefreewayarethehave-nots.*AndevenifyoudontknowEastPaloAlto,youmightknowthestoryofeastsidedisparity,whetheritstheseparationoftherailroadtracksinEastPittsburghortheGrossePointeGateinEastDetroitorEastSt.Louis,EastOakland,EastPhilly.Whyisitthatcommunitiesonthesocial,economicand

7、environmentalmargintendtobeontheeastsidesofplaces?Turnsout,itsthewind.IfyoulookattheEarthfromtheNorthPole,youdseethatitrotatescounterclockwise.TheimpactofthisisthatthewindsinthenorthernandthesouthernhemispheresblowinthesamedirectionastherotationoftheEarth-totheeast.Awaytothinkaboutthisis:imagineyou,

8、resittingaroundacampfire.You,vegottoseat10people,youvegottokeepeveryonewarm.Thequestionis:Whositswiththesmokywindblowingintheirface?Andtheansweris:peoplewithlesspower.Thiscampfiredynamiciswhatsplayingoutincities,notjustintheUS,butallaroundtheworld:EastLondon;theeastsideofParisisthisway;EastJerusalem

9、.Evendownthestreetfromwherewe,resittingrightnow,themarginalizedcommunityisEastVancouver.mnottheonlyonetonoticethis.Inerdedonthishard,foryears.AndIfinallyfoundagroupofeconomichistoriansintheUKwhomodeledindustrial-erasmokestackdispersion.Andtheycametothesameconclusionmathematicallythatdcometoasananthr

10、opologist,whichis:windandpollutionaredrivingmarginalizedcommunitiestotheeast.Thedominantlogicoftheindustrialeraisaboutdisparity.Itsabouthavesandhave-nots,andthatsbecomepartIELTSADVANTAGESummaryCompletionPracticeQuestionsofourculture.ThaVswhyyouknowexactlywhatmtalkingaboutifItellyousomeone,sfromthewr

11、ongsideofthetracks.Thatphrasecomesfromthedirectionthatwindwouldblowdirtytrainsmoke-totheeast,usually.mnotsayingeverysinglecommunityintheeastisonthemargin,oreverycommunityonthemarginisintheeast,butmtryingtomakeabiggerpointaboutdisparitybydesign.So,ifyoufindyourselftalkingaboutanycardinaldirectionofaf

12、reeway,ariver,sometraintracks,youretalkingaboutaneastsidecommunity.Now,thewindisobviouslyanaturalphenomenon.Butthehumandesigndecisionsthatwemaketoseparateourselvesisnotnatural.ConsiderthefactthateveryeastsidecommunityintheUnitedStateswasbuiltduringtheeraoflegalsegregation.Weclearlywerenteventryingto

13、designforthebenefitofeveryone,soweendedupdealingwithissueslikeredlining.Thisiswherethegovernmentliterallycreatedmapstotellbankerswheretheyshouldn,tlend.Thesearesomeofthoseactualmaps.Andyoullnoticehowtheredtendstobeclusteredontheeastsidesofthesecities.Thosefinancialdesigndecisionsbecameaself-fulfilli

14、ngprophecy:noloansturnedintolowpropertytaxbaseandthatbledintoworseschoolsandalesswell-preparedworkforce,and-Ioandbehold-lowerincomes.Itmeansthatyoucantqualifyforaloan.Justaviciousdownwardspiral.Andthatsjustthecasewithlending.We,vemadesimilarlysinisterdesigndecisionsonanynumberofissues,fromwaterinfra

15、structuretowherewedecidetoplacegrocerystoresversusliquorstores,orevenforwhomandhowwedesignandfundtechnologyproducts.Collectively,thislistofharmsistheartifactofourmoreprimitiveselves.Idontthinkthisishowwedwanttoberemembered,butthisisbasicallywhatwevebeendoingtoeastsidecommunitiesforthelastcentury.Thegoodnewsis,itdoesnthavetobethisway.Wegotourselvesintothiseastsidedilemmathroughbaddesign,andsowecangetoutofitwithgooddesign.AndIbelievethefirstprincipleofgooddesignisactuallyreallysimple:wehavetostartwiththecommitmenttodesignforthebenefitofever