2024剑桥雅思讲义True_False_Not_Given.docx
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1、PaSSaRe3TheConservationEthicThegoalsofconservationincludeconservinghabitat,preventingdeforestation,haltingspeciesextinction,reducingoverfishingandmitigatingclimatechange.Differentphilosophicaloutlooksguideconservationiststowardsthesegoals.A-Theprincipalvalueunderlyingmanyexpressionsoftheconservation
2、ethicisthatthenaturalworldhasintrinsicandintangibleworthalongwithpracticalorutilitarianvalue-aviewcarriedforwardbypartsofthescientificconservationmovementandsomeoftheolderRomanticschoolsofecologymovement.Philosophershaveattachedintrinsicvaluetodifferentaspectsofnature,whetherthisisindividualorganism
3、s(biocentrism)orecologicalwholessuchasspeciesorecosystems(ecoholism).B-IntheUnitedStatesofAmerica,theyear1864sawthepublicationoftwobookswhichlaidthefoundationforRomanticandUtilitarianconservationtraditionsinAmerica.TheposthumouspublicationofHenryDavidThoreausWaldenestablishedthegrandeurofunspoiledna
4、tureasacitadeltonourishthespiritofman.FromGeorgePerkinsMarshaverydifferentbook,ManandNaturezlatersubtitledTheEarthasModifiedbyHumanAction,cataloguedhisobservationsofmanexhaustingandalteringthelandfromwhichhissustenancederives.C-TheconsumerconservationethicissometimesexpressedbythefourRs:Rethink,Redu
5、ce,Recycle,Repair.Thissocialethicprimarilyrelatestolocalpurchasing,moralpurchasing,thesustainedandefficientuseofrenewableresources,themoderationofdestructiveuseoffiniteresources,andthepreventionofharmtocommonresourcessuchasairandwaterquality,thenaturalfunctionsofalivingearth,andculturalvaluesinabuil
6、tenvironment.D-Distincttrendsexistregardingconservationdevelopment.Whilemanycountrieseffortstopreservespeciesandtheirhabitatshavebeengovernment-led,thoseinnorthwesternEuropetendedtoariseoutofthemiddle-classandaristocraticinterestinnaturalhistory,expressedattheleveloftheindividualandthenational,regio
7、nalorlocallearnedsociety.Thus,countrieslikeBritain,theNetherlandsandGermanyhadwhatwewouldtodaytermnon-governmentalorganizations-intheshapeoftheRoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds,NationalTrustandCountyNaturalistsTrusts(datingbackto1889,1895and1912respectively),NatuurmonumentenzProvincialConservation
8、TrustsforeachDutchprovince,Vogelbeschermingzandsoon-alongtimebeforetherewerenationalparksandnationalnaturereserves.ThisinpartreflectstheabsenceofwildernessareasinheavilycultivatedEurope,aswellasalongstandinginterestinlaissez-fairegovernmentinsomecountries,liketheUK,leavingitasnocoincidencethatJohnMu
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