2024剑桥雅思讲义Table_completion 1.docx
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1、TablecompletionPaSSaRe3SpanishExplorationandConquestA-TheSpanishestablishedthefirstEuropeansettlementsintheAmericas,beginningintheCaribbeanand,by1600,extendingthroughoutCentralandSouthAmerica.ThousandsofpeopleflockedfromSpaintotheAmericasseekingwealthandstatus.ThemostfamousoftheseadventurersareChris
2、topherColumbus(who,thoughItalianhimsetexploredonbehalfoftheSpanishmonarchs),HernanCortes,andFranciscoPizarro.B-ThehistoryofSpanishexplorationbeginswiththehistoryofSpainitself.Duringthefifteenthcentury,Spainhopedtogainadvantageoveritsrival,Portugal.ThemarriageofFerdinandofAragonandIsabellaofCastilein
3、1469unifiedCatholicSpainandbegantheprocessofbuildinganationthatcouldcompeteforworldwidepower.In1492ztheycompletedtheReconquista:theCenturies-IongChristianconquestoftheIberianPeninsula.TheReconquistamarkedanotherstepforwardintheprocessofmakingSpainanimperialpower;andFerdinandandIsabellawerenowreadyto
4、lookfurtherafield.C-TheirgoalsweretoexpandCatholicismandtogainacommercialadvantageoverPortugal.Tothoseends,FerdinandandIsabellasponsoredextensiveAtlanticexploration.Spainsmostfamousexplorer,ChristopherColumbus,wasactuallyfromGenoa,Italy.Hebelievedthat,usingcalculationsbasedonothermarinersjourneys,he
5、couldchartawestwardroutetoIndia,whichcouldbeusedtoexpandEuropeantradeandspreadChristianity.Startingin1485zheapproachedGenoese,Venetian,Portuguese,English,andSpanishmonarchs,askingforshipsandfundingtoexplorethiswestwardroute.AllthosehepetitionedincludingFerdinandandIsabellaatfirst-rebuffedhim;theirna
6、uticalexpertsallconcurredthatColumbus/sestimatesofthewidthoftheAtlanticOceanwerefartoolow.However;afterthreeyearsofentreaties,and,moreimportantly,thecompletionoftheReconquista,FerdinandandIsabellaagreedtofinanceColumbussexpeditionin1492zsupplyinghimwiththreeships:theNina,thePinta,andtheSantaMaria.Th
7、eSpanishmonarchsknewthatPortuguesemarinershadreachedthesoutherntipofAfricaandsailedtheIndianOcean.TheyunderstoodthatthePortuguesewouldsoonreachAsiaand,inthiscompetitiveracetoreachtheFarEast,theSpanishrulersdecidedtoact.D-Columbushelderroneousviewsthatshapedhisthinkingaboutwhathewouldencounterashesai
8、ledwest.Hebelievedtheearthtobemuchsmallerthanitsactualsizeand,sincehedidnotknowoftheexistenceoftheAmericas,hefullyexpectedtolandinAsia.OnOctober12,1492zhowever,hemadelandfallonanislandintheBahamas.HethensailedtoanislandhenamedHispaniola(present-dayDominicanRepublicandHaiti).Believinghehadlandedinthe
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