2024剑桥雅思讲义Short_answer 2.docx

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1、ZQ国田IELTSADVANTAGEShortAnswerPaSSaRe2TheChangingLandscapeofOceaniaSectionA-ThehumansettlementofOceania,fromtheearliestmigrationstoEuropeancolonization,hasreshapedthephysicallandscapeofthisregion.Environmentaldegradation-disturbancestoresourceslikeair;land,andwater-isaseriousconcernaseconomicgrowthof

2、tencomesattheexpenseofenvironmentalsustainability.InAustralia,forexample,widestretchesofpreviouslysparselyinhabitedOutbackhavebecomegrazinglands.InPapuaNewGuineaillegallogginghascontributedtosignificantdeforestation.PollutionfromdairyinginNewZealandhasledtohighlevelsofwaterpollution.SectionB-Invasiv

3、especieshavealsohadsignificantenvironmentalimpactsinaregionthathasbeenotherwiserelativelyisolated.Australiahasadoptedasystemofstrictquarantineinanattempttolimitdamagefromnon-nativeplantsandanimals.Thecountrycurrentlyspendsaround$4billionyearlyininvasiveweedmanagementalone.Catshavebeenbannedinpartsof

4、NewZealandwheretheyposeathreattolocalbirdspecies.RatsbroughtbyearlyEuropeanshipshavepresentedasignificantproblemformanyislandsofthePacific,wheretheykillotherplantsandanimalsandalsospreaddisease.Offshore,invasivefishandalgaespecieshavedamagedfragileoceanecosystems.SectionC-Inadditiontolocalpollutionc

5、oncerns,humansettlementofotherworldregionshascontributedtopollutioninthePacificOcean.Worldwide,therearefivemainoceangyres,largesystemsofrotatingoceancurrents.InthenorthernPacificOcean,onegyrehasveryhighconcentrationsoftrashandplasticscarriedtotheareabyoceancurrents.IthasbeentermedtheGreatPacificgarb

6、agepatch.Whenyouthrowsomethingzzawayz,improperly,thesegyresarereallywhereawayis.AwaterbottleimproperlydisposedofonthewesterncoastofNorthAmericawillmakeitswaytotheGreatPacificgarbagepatchinaroundsixyears.SectionD-Oneissuewithplasticsisthattheydon/tbiodegradezandinsteadkeepbreakingdownintosmallerpiece

7、swhilestillremainingplastic.Fishandothermarinelifeeatthesetinybitsofplasticzwhichcandisruptanumberofbiologicalsystems.Someofthesefishspeciesarethenconsumedbyhumans.BecausetheGreatPacificgarbagepatchcontainssuchsmallpiecesofplastic,andmostoftheplasticisbelowthesurfaceoftheocean,itisnoteasilyvisiblewi

8、ththenakedeyeanditisdifficulttoestimateitssize.SomehavetheorizedthepatchisasbigasorbiggerthantheUSstateofTexas,whileothersnotethattheideaofa“patch“ofgarbageisreallyamisnomerasthereareconcentrationsoftrashthroughouttheworld/soceans.SectionE-TrashfromotherworldregionsalsowashesupalongtheshoresofthePac

9、ificislands.KamiloBeachinHawaiiisthesiteofasignificantamountofplasticthathaswashedashorefromtheGreatPacificgarbagepatch,somuchsothattheareahasbeennicknamedzzPIasticBeach”.Thoughtheshorelinelookssandy,90percentofitisactuallybitsofplasticandyouwouldhavetodigdownatleastonefoottoreachgrainsofsand.Plasti

10、ctrashlittersmanyoftheshorelinesofthePacificislands,presentingahazardformarinelifeandamanagementandcleanupchallengesincedebrisoftencomesfromthousandsofmilesaway.QD国IELTSADVANTAGEShortAnswerSectionF-Itischangesinglobalclimate,howevethatposethemostsevereenvironmentalthreattoOceania.Formanyoftheworldsr

11、egions,changesinclimateareviewedashypothetical.Hurricanesmightincreaseinintensity.Theriskoffiremightincrease.ChangesinbirdmigrationsinEuropeandNorthAmericatoshiftsinglobalfishstockshavealreadybeenlinkedtoincreasesinglobaltemperaturebutwithlittledirecteffectonthehumanpopulationsoftheseregions.InOcean

12、ia,though,smallincreasesintemperatureandoceanlevelscouldhavedisastrouseffectsonalreadyfragileecosystemsandeconomies.TheGreatBarrierReefiscurrentlyexperiencingperiodsofcoralbleachingduetoincreasingoceantemperatures.Whenwatersgettoowarm,coralexperience“stress“andexpeltheCoIorfULalgae-likeorganismsthat

13、livewithinthem.Masscoralbleachinghasoccurredseveraltimessincethelate1990sandisexpectedtobecomearegularoccurrenceasoceantemperaturescontinuetorise.CoralbleachinghasalsobeendocumentedinotherreefsincludingonesinHawaii.SomeoftheleadersofthePacificislandshavebeenamongthemostvocalchampionsforglobalclimate

14、regulations.Speakingin2015,theprimeministerofFiji,FrankBainimaramadidnotmincewords:Unlesstheworldactsdecisivelyinthecomingweekstobeginaddressingthegreatestchallengeofourage,thenthePacific,asweknowit,isdoomed/Fijihasalreadyexperiencedanincreaseininfectiousdiseasesrelatedtohighertemperatures,record-br

15、eakinghightides,andhashadtorelocatecitizensduetorisingoceanlevels.TherisingoceansinthePacificandtheconcentrationsofpollutionfoundinthisregionarestarkremindersofourinterconnectedworld.Inmanyways,thefutureofOceaniawillbedecidedbytheactionsofglobalcitizensandleaders.Source:https:SOeiellSCi.libretexts.o

16、rq/BOokSheIVeS/Geography(HUman)/Book%3AVvbReqiOnalGeoqrQPhy(FinlaySOn)10%3AOCeemia10.05%3ATheChcmqinqLemdSCeIPeOfOCeemiclQuestions15-19ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSAND/ORANUMBERfromthepassagetoanswerthequestionsbelow.15. Accordingtothearticle,whatenvironmentalproblemhasbeencausedbythedairyindustryinNewZealand?16. WhatmeasurehasbeenintroducedinAustraliatoreduceproblemscausedbyforeignanimalsandvegetation?17. Approximatelyhowlongdoesittakefora