英语六级语法.pptx
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1、New Perspective Grammar对语法的错误认识 误认为语法先于语言 把语法规则当作一成不变的公式 把语法当成随意的公式-记住了语法规则却没有英语思维能够准确地,有意义地,恰当地运用英语语言结构形式form语法结构怎样构成准确性用法(usage)何时/为什么使用适合性意义(meaning)语法结构表达什么意义表意性英语思维与汉语思维 翻译:我已经结婚了,去年结婚的,到现在结婚一年多了。 I am married. I got married last year. Ive been married for over a year. 英文中有“动作action”与“状态state”的
2、区分。 以及时态方面的问题。英语的静态特征“静态与动态”,英语倾向于多用名词,因此呈静态,汉语倾向于多用动词,因而呈动态。英语的静态特征具体说来有四点。第一,名词化是英语常见的现象。“他很不开心,引起大家也不开心” He was unhappy, so others felt unhappy too. His unhappiness made/infected others unhappy. He arrived so early, and I was quite surprised. His early arrival surprised me. 同时汉语常用人作主语而英语多用物作主语。比如
3、一篇六级模拟题范文中有这样一句话: Videogamescoulddousharmwithoutourknowingit,Ifproperattentionisnotpaidtotheirsideeffects. “他最终失败了”At last he failed. At last all his efforts were in vain. He was outstanding among his colleagues because he worked very hard. His hard work/ efforts made him outstanding among his colle
4、agues. 第二,用名词表示作动作的发出者(施事者),以代替动词。 “他七十多了,但能吃能睡。” He still could eat and sleep. He was still a good eater and a good sleeper. “这位老师上课上得不好,我们都盼着早点下课。” This teacher is not a good one, so we are eager to finish his class as earlier as possible. In this teachers class, we are all clock-watchers. 所以下次你要夸
5、别人篮球打得好,记着可以怎么写: He is a good/professional basketball player. 第三, 名词的优势造成介词的优势。 “有人给他撑腰。” Someone supports him. He has someone behind him. “说完这些话,她就走开了。” After she finished her words, she went away. With these words she went away. “这本书太难了,我看不懂” “This book is too difficult for me to understand it “Th
6、e book is totally beyond/above me .” 第四,动词的弱化与虚化。我们可用一些虚化动词(have, make, take, do)加上它的名词意义。比如 look have a look, take a look walkhave a walk, take a walk visit pay a visit to attempt make attempts damage do some damages to 比如:“Tom与老板吵架之后,就辞职了。” After Tom had a quarrel with his boss, Jack quit. After T
7、om quarreled with his boss, Jack quit. 喜用名词,是现代英文固有现象。但千万切记,名词的使用要适当,并非所有地方名词优于动词,万不可滥用。况且,近年来英美不少学者认为名词的滥用造成英语缺乏生气。如果考生能够把握分寸,适当使用名词确也不失为写作之上策。 思维方式制约着表达习惯。思维是写作活动的基础;写作不仅是语言活动,而且是思维活动(Kelly,1963)。汉式思维模式是形象的、直观的,在语言上,汉语用词倾向于具体,常常以实的形式表达虚的概念,以具体的形象表达抽象的内容,而英式思维则是概括的、抽象的(连淑能,1993)。汉语较少使用表示抽象概念的名词,而较多
8、地使用具有实指意义的具体名词,如“望梅止渴”中的“梅”与“渴”;英语常常使用抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念。具体词汇与概括词汇的问题 英语倾向于使用表达同类事物的整体词语来表达具体事物或现象,用词具体细腻;汉语多用表示整体概念的词,用词概括模糊。学生受汉语的影响,通常用表示概括的词加上各种副词的方式,构成“动词+副词(ly)”结构,比如,“走得很快”“walk quickly”;“跑得很快”“run quickly”。英语中表示各种走姿的词汇很丰富,例如,stroll, trudge, plod, march, stalk, toddle, stagger等。例如:That was a very
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