Mbjkna毕业论文外文翻译资料样例.docx

《Mbjkna毕业论文外文翻译资料样例.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Mbjkna毕业论文外文翻译资料样例.docx（14页珍藏版）》请在优知文库上搜索。

1、秋风清，秋月明,落叶聚还散,寒鸦柄复惊。西安建筑科技高校华清学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译院（系）:.经贸系专.业：市场普循姓名：许芳学号I外文出处：DOnaIdHaITiSandDeniS（用外文一uTaHiaContract1.aWTOday.1995附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文完成日期：2010年3月25日onlyindetai1fromonestatetoanther.Whileitisstillprimarilycaselaw,anincreasingnumberofstatutesdealwithparticularproblems.TheUniformCommerc

2、ialCode,forexample,containssomespecialprovisionsontheformationofcontractsforthesaleofgoods.AndbytheTuckerActof1887,asamended,oneofthemostsignificantofthefederalstatutesinthefield,theUnitedStatesgovernmenthaswaiveditssovereignimmunityincontractactionsbyconsentingtosuitinthefederalcourts.Someruleslaid

3、downbystatute,andbycaselawaswell,aremandatoryorcompu1soryandcannotbeavoidedbytheparties,whiIeothersareimplicative,interpretative,orSuppIetoryandcanbevariedbyagreement.Acontractmaybesimplydefinedasapromiseforthebreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,althoughthewordcontract,nayalsobeusedtorefertotheseriesofa

4、ctsbywhichthepartiesexpressedtheiragreement,tothedocumentwhichtheymayhaveexecuted,ortothelegalrelationswhichhaveresulted.Notallpromiseareenforceableandseveralcriteriamustbemetbeforethelawwillgivearemedy.TwoofthemostfundamentalofthesearetherequirementofawritingandrequirementofConsideration.therequire

5、mentofaWrilingisimposedbystatutesoffrauds,derivedfromtheEnglishStatuteofFraudsof1677twhichhavebeenenactedthroughouttheUnitedStates.TypicallytheyProVidethat,withsomeexceptions,specifiedkin(isofcontractsareunenforceableunlessevidencedbyawriting.TheyusualIycovercontractstosellgoodsofmorethanaminimumval

6、ue,contractstosellland,contractstoanswerforlhedebtofanother,andcontractsnottobeperfo11nedwithinayear.Manyagreements,suchasmostcontractstofurnishservices,arenotincludedandareenforceableevenifthereisnowriting.AlthoughdissatisfactionhasledtotherepealofmostoftheEnglishStatuteofFraudsin1954,therehasbeenn

7、oseriousmovementforitsabolitionintheUnitedStates.apartfromanyrequirementofawriting,apromiseisnotgenerallyenforceableintheUnitedStatesunlessitissupportedbyconsideration.HistoricalIyapromissorycouldmakeabindingwrittenpromise,evenwithoutconsideration,byaffixinghiswaxsealtothewriting.Butasthewaxsealwasr

8、eplacedbyapennedorprintedimitation,thesealbecameanemptyformalityanditseffectivenesshasnowbeeneliminatedoratleastgreatlydiminishedbystatestatutes.Considerationisessentiallysomethingforwhichthepromisorhasbargainedandwhichhehasreceivedinexchangeforhisownpromise.11maybeanotherpromisegiveninreturn,inwhic

9、hcasetheresultingcontractisknownasabilateralcontract,oritnaybeanactgiveninreturn,inwhichcasetheresultingcontractisknownasunilateralcontract.But,forexample,agratuitouspromise,includingonetopayforgoodsorserviceswhichhavealreadysupportedbyconsideration.Fortunatelythereareonlyafewsuchinstancesofbusiness

10、promisesinwhichtherequirementofConsiderationisnotmet.Oneofthemosttroublesomeinvolvesthefirm”,orirrevocable,offer.TheusualruleintheUnitedStatesisthatanofferorhasthepowertorevokehisofferatanytimebeforeitsacceptancebytheofferee,andapromisebytheofferornottorevokeisnotgeneralIyeffectiveunlesssupportedbyc

11、onsideration.Acommondeviceforholdingtheofferortohispromiseisthepaymenttohimofanominalsum,forexampleonedollar,asconsiderationforwhatisthenknownasan“option.EvenwithoutConsiderationafewcourtshaveheldthattheofferorwasestopped,orprecluded,fromrevokinghisofferwheretheoffereereliedtohisdetrimentupontheprom

12、ise.Butthemostsatisfactorysolutionhasbeenthroughlegislation,adoptedinanumberofstates,makinganofferirrevocable,regardlessofconsideration,ifiIisembodiedinasignedwritingwhichstatesthatitisirrevocable.Asthissuggests,thetendencyhasbeentoattempttoremedythedeficienciesofthedoctrineofconsiderationratherthan

13、todiscardit.IntheIniledStates,contracts,likestatutes,arecharacteristicallydetailedandprolix.Thosepreparedbylawyersareoftencompoundedofstandardclauses,popularlyknownas“boiler-plate,takenfromotheragreementskeptonfileorfrombooks.Evenwhenalawyerisnotdirectlyinvolved,thepartiesmayuseorincorporatebyrefere

14、nceastandardprintedformwhichhasbeendraftedbyalawyer,perhapsforaparticularenterprise,perhapsforanassociationofenterprises,orperhapsforsaletothegeneralpublic.Thisattentiontodetailmaybeduetoanumberofcauses,includingthestandardizationofroutinetransactionsthefrequentinvolvementoflawyersinallstagesofexcep

15、tionaltransactions,theinclinationtouselanguagewhichhasbeentestedinpreviouscontroversies,andthedesiretoavoiduncertaintywhenthelawofmorethanonestatemaybeinvolved.Al1oftheseaddtothegeneraldispositionofthecase-orientedAmericanlawyertoprovideexpresslyforspecificdisputeswhichhaveariseninthepastorwhichmigh

16、tbeforeseeninthefuture.Arelatedphenomenonisthewidespreaduseofstandardfoimsftcontractsofadhesion,“suchastickets,leases,andretailsalescontracts,whichareforceduponthepartywithinferiorbargainingpower.Inrecentyears,courtsandlegislatureshavebecomeincreasinglyconcernedwiththeeffectswhichunrestrainedfreedomofcontractnayhaveinsuchsituations.Courtswhichhadalwaysrefusedtoenforceagreementscontemplatingcrimes,torts,orotheractswhichwereclearlycontrarytothepublic