Mbjkna毕业论文外文翻译资料样例.docx

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1、秋风清，秋月明,落叶聚还散,寒鸦柄复惊。西安建筑科技高校华清学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译院（系）:.经贸系专.业：市场普循姓名：许芳学号I外文出处：DOnaIdHaITiSandDeniS（用外文一uTaHiaContract1.aWTOday.1995附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文完成日期：2010年3月25日1. BrieflyoncontractsThelawofcontractsisconcernedwiththeenforcementofpromissoryobligations.Contractualliabilityisusuallybasedonconsentfr

2、eelygivenintheformofanexpresspromiseoroneimpliedinfactfromtheactsoftheparties.Insomecircumstances,however,thecourtswillimplyapromise(oftencalledimpliedinlaworquasicontract)inordertoavoidunjustenrichmentinspiteoflackofconsentbythepartywhoisboundbyit.Thesubjectmatterofcontractlawcomprisescapacity,form

3、alities,offerandacceptance,consideration,fraudandmistake,legality,interpretationandconstuction,perfoimanceandconditionsofperformance,frustrationandimpossibility,discharge,rightsofassigneesandthirdpartybeneficiaries,andremedies.Ithas,Ioaveryconsiderableextent,preserveditsunitaryquality,resistingfunda

4、mentaldistinclionsbetweendifferentclassesofcontractsaccordingtoeitherthesubjectoftheagreementorthenatureoftheparties.Accordingly,withsomeexceptions,itsprinciplesareapplicabletoagreementsonsuchvariedsubjectsasemployment,saleolgoodsorland,andinsurance,andtosuchdiversepartiesasindividuals,businessorgan

5、izations,andgovernmentalenti1.ies.Itislargelystateratherthanfederallaw,but.itdiffersusuallyonlyindetai1fromonestatetoanther.Whileitisstillprimarilycaselaw,anincreasingnumberofstatutesdealwithparticularproblems.TheUniformCommercialCode,forexample,containssomespecialprovisionsontheformationofcontracts

6、forthesaleofgoods.AndbytheTuckerActof1887,asamended,oneofthemostsignificantofthefederalstatutesinthefield,theUnitedStatesgovernmenthaswaiveditssovereignimmunityincontractactionsbyconsentingtosuitinthefederalcourts.Someruleslaiddownbystatute,andbycaselawaswell,aremandatoryorcompu1soryandcannotbeavoid

7、edbytheparties,whiIeothersareimplicative,interpretative,orSuppIetoryandcanbevariedbyagreement.Acontractmaybesimplydefinedasapromiseforthebreachofwhichthelawgivesaremedy,althoughthewordcontract,nayalsobeusedtorefertotheseriesofactsbywhichthepartiesexpressedtheiragreement,tothedocumentwhichtheymayhave

8、executed,ortothelegalrelationswhichhaveresulted.Notallpromiseareenforceableandseveralcriteriamustbemetbeforethelawwillgivearemedy.TwoofthemostfundamentalofthesearetherequirementofawritingandrequirementofConsideration.therequirementofaWrilingisimposedbystatutesoffrauds,derivedfromtheEnglishStatuteofF

9、raudsof1677twhichhavebeenenactedthroughouttheUnitedStates.TypicallytheyProVidethat,withsomeexceptions,specifiedkin(isofcontractsareunenforceableunlessevidencedbyawriting.TheyusualIycovercontractstosellgoodsofmorethanaminimumvalue,contractstosellland,contractstoanswerforlhedebtofanother,andcontractsn

10、ottobeperfo11nedwithinayear.Manyagreements,suchasmostcontractstofurnishservices,arenotincludedandareenforceableevenifthereisnowriting.AlthoughdissatisfactionhasledtotherepealofmostoftheEnglishStatuteofFraudsin1954,therehasbeennoseriousmovementforitsabolitionintheUnitedStates.apartfromanyrequiremento

11、fawriting,apromiseisnotgenerallyenforceableintheUnitedStatesunlessitissupportedbyconsideration.HistoricalIyapromissorycouldmakeabindingwrittenpromise,evenwithoutconsideration,byaffixinghiswaxsealtothewriting.Butasthewaxsealwasreplacedbyapennedorprintedimitation,thesealbecameanemptyformalityanditseff

12、ectivenesshasnowbeeneliminatedoratleastgreatlydiminishedbystatestatutes.Considerationisessentiallysomethingforwhichthepromisorhasbargainedandwhichhehasreceivedinexchangeforhisownpromise.11maybeanotherpromisegiveninreturn,inwhichcasetheresultingcontractisknownasabilateralcontract,oritnaybeanactgiveni

13、nreturn,inwhichcasetheresultingcontractisknownasunilateralcontract.But,forexample,agratuitouspromise,includingonetopayforgoodsorserviceswhichhavealreadysupportedbyconsideration.FortunatelythereareonlyafewsuchinstancesofbusinesspromisesinwhichtherequirementofConsiderationisnotmet.Oneofthemosttroubles

14、omeinvolvesthefirm”,orirrevocable,offer.TheusualruleintheUnitedStatesisthatanofferorhasthepowertorevokehisofferatanytimebeforeitsacceptancebytheofferee,andapromisebytheofferornottorevokeisnotgeneralIyeffectiveunlesssupportedbyconsideration.Acommondeviceforholdingtheofferortohispromiseisthepaymenttoh

15、imofanominalsum,forexampleonedollar,asconsiderationforwhatisthenknownasan“option.EvenwithoutConsiderationafewcourtshaveheldthattheofferorwasestopped,orprecluded,fromrevokinghisofferwheretheoffereereliedtohisdetrimentuponthepromise.Butthemostsatisfactorysolutionhasbeenthroughlegislation,adoptedinanum

16、berofstates,makinganofferirrevocable,regardlessofconsideration,ifiIisembodiedinasignedwritingwhichstatesthatitisirrevocable.Asthissuggests,thetendencyhasbeentoattempttoremedythedeficienciesofthedoctrineofconsiderationratherthantodiscardit.IntheIniledStates,contracts,likestatutes,arecharacteristicallydetailedandprolix.Thosepreparedbylawyersareoftencompoundedofstandardclauses,popularlyknownas“boiler-plate,takenfromotheragreementskeptonfileorfr