美国名人 规划学家 简·雅各布斯.docx

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1、美国名人城市规划学家简雅各布斯JaneJacobs,1916-2006:HerActivismHelpedShapethe1.ookandFeelofCitiesplaystopmutemaxvolume00:00-15:00repeatByJiIIMoss2010-2-13VOICEONE:mSteveEmber.VOICETWO:AndmBarbaraKleinwithPEOP1.EINAMERICAinVOASpecialEnglish.TodaywetellaboutJaneJacobs.Shewasanactivistforimprovingcities.(MUSIC)VOICEON

2、E:JaneJacobsJaneJacobswasanactivist,writer,moralthinkerandeconomist.Shebelievedcitiesshouldbedenselypopulatedandfullofdifferentkindsofpeopleandactivities.Shebelievedinthevalueofnaturalgrowthandbigopenspaces.Sheopposedthekindofcityplanningthatinvolvesbigdevelopmentandurbanrenewalprojectsthatteardowno

3、ldcommunities.ShewasalsoacriticofpublicplanningOffiCiaISwhowereunwillingtocompromise.Jacobshelpedleadfightstosaveneighborhoodsandlocalcommunitieswithincities.ShehelpedstopmajorhighwaysfrombeingbuiltzfirstinNewYorkCityandlaterinToronto,Canada.Developersandcityplannersoftencriticizedherideas.Yet,manyu

4、rbanplanningexpertsagreethatherworkhelpedshapemodernthinkingaboutcities.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:JaneButznerwasborninScranton,Pennsylvania,innineteensixteen.Herfatherwasadoctor.Hermotherwasaformerteacherandnurse.Aftergraduatingfromhighschool,JanetookanunpaidpositionattheScrantonTribunenewspaper.Ayearlatershe

5、leftScrantonforNewYorkCity.Duringherfirstseveralyearsinthecitysheheldmanykindsofjobs.Onejobwastowriteaboutworkersinthecity.Shesaidtheseexperiencesgaveherabetterideaaboutwhatworkinginthecitywaslike.Asayoungwoman,Jacobshadmanyinterests,includingeconomics,law,scienceandpolitics.Herhighereducationwasbri

6、efhowever.ShestudiedforjusttwoyearsatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Jacobsdidnotcompletehercollegeeducation,butshedidbecomeanexcellentwriterandeditor.WhileworkingasawriterfortheOfficeofWarInformationshemetabuildingdesignernamedRobertJacobs.Innineteenforty-four,theymarried.Theylaterhadthreechildren.Herh

7、usbandsworkledtoherinterestinthemonthlymagazine,ArchitecturalForum.Jacobsbecameatopeditorforthepublication.VOICEONE:ExpertshavedescribedJacobsasawriterwhowrotewell,butnotoften.SheisbestknownforherbookTheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCities.Thebookwaspublishedinnineteensixty-one.Itisstillwidelyreadtoda

8、ybybothcityplanningprofessionalsandthegeneralpublic.ExpertssayTheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCitiesisthemostinfluentialbookwrittenaboutcityplanninginthetwentiethcentury.Inthebook,Jacobscriticizedtheurbanrenewalprojectsofthenineteenfifties.Shebelievedthesepoliciesdestroyedexistinginner-citycommunitie

9、sandtheireconomies.Shealsothoughtthatmodernplanningpoliciesseparatedcommunitiesandcreatedunnaturalcityareas.Jacobsdescribedthenatureofcities-theirstreetsandparks,thedifferentculturesrepresentedbycitizensandthesafetyofawell-plannedcity.Safetywasanimportantissueinbigcitiesthathadhighratesofcrime.Jacob

10、swrotethatpeaceonthestreetsofcitiesisnotkeptmainlybythepoliceeventhoughpolicearenecessary.Itiskeptbyasystemofcontrolsamongthepeoplethemselves.Shebelievedtheproblemofinsecuritycannotbesolvedbyspreadingpeopleoutmorethinly.Jacobsarguedthatawell-usedcitystreetissaferthananemptystreet.Safety,sheargued,is

11、guaranteedbypeoplewhowatchthestreetseverydaybecausetheyusethestreetseveryday.VOICETWO:TheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCitiesbecameaguideforneighborhoodorganizersandthepeoplewhoJacobscalledfootpeople.Thesearecitizenswhoperformtheireverydayjobsonfoot.Theywalktostoresandtowork.Theywalktoeatingplaces,the

12、aters,parks,gardensandsportsstadiums.TheyarenotwhoJacobscalledcarpeople-thosewhodrivetheircarseverywhere.JaneJacobsalsobelievedthatbuildingsofdifferentsizes,kindsandconditionshouldexisttogether.Shepointedtoseveralcommunitiesasmodelsofexcellence.TheseincludeGeorgetowninWashington,D.C.;theNorthEndinBo

13、ston,Massachusetts;RittenhouseSquareinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,andTelegraphHillinSanFranciscozCalifornia.Shealsosupportedmixed-usebuildingsasawaytoincreasesocialinteraction.Suchbuildingshavestoresandofficesonthegroundfloor.Peopleliveontheupperfloors.Mixed-usebuildingsarealotmorecommoninAmericanciti

14、esthaninthesuburbanareasaroundthem.VOICEONE:JaneJacobsalsonotedNewYorkCitysGreenwichVillageasanexampleofanexcitingcitycommunity.Thisisoneofthecommunitiesthatwassaved,inpartatleast,becauseofherwritingsandactivism.Innineteensixty-two,Jacobsheadedacommitteetostopthedevelopmentofahighwaythrough1.owerMan

15、hattaninNewYorkCity.TheexpresswaywouldhavecutrightthroughGreenwichVillageandthepopularSoHoarea.InfluentialNewYorkCitydeveloperRobertMosesproposedtheplan.Buthugepublicprotestsinnineteensixty-fourledthecitygovernmenttorejectit.Jacobsbook,TheDeathand1.ifeofGreatAmericanCitieshelpedinfluencepublicopinio

16、nagainsttheexpressway.(MUSIC)VOICETWO:Innineteensixty-ninezJacobsmovedtotheCanadiancityofTorontowhereshelivedfortherestofherlife.PartofherreasonforleavingtheUnitedStateswasbecausesheopposedtheUnitedStatesinvolvementinthewarinVietnam.Atthattime,shehadtwosonsalmostoldenoughtobecalledforduty.JacobscontinuedtobeacommunityactivistinToronto.ShewasinvolvedinacampaigntostoptheSpadinaExpresswaythroughTor